Daraa
Daraa
دَرْعَا | |
---|---|
City | |
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Area code | 15 |
Geocode | C5993 |
Website | http://www.esyria.sy/edaraa/ |
Daraa (
According to the
Daraa became known as the "cradle of the revolution"
History
Ancient history
Daraa is an ancient city dating back to the
Classical era
In the Greek Seleucid Empire, and later the Roman Empire into which it was incorporated by Trajan in 106, the city was known as Adraa (Ἀδράα),[10] the name used on its coinage.[11][12] It was incorporated into the province of Arabia Petraea.[13]
By the 3rd-century, it gained the status of a
In 614, the Sasanian Persians sacked Adraa during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, but spared the inhabitants.[13]
Islamic era
According to
Early Muslim historian
In 906, the population was massacred in a raid by the rebellious
Throughout the Middle Ages, it served as a strategic station on the hajj caravan route between Damascus and Medina and as the gate to central Syria. The Crusaders briefly conquered Adhri'at, then known as Adratum,[25] during the reign of Baldwin II of Jerusalem in 1118.[26]
According to Yaqut al-Hamawi, in the early 13th-century during Ayyubid rule, Adhri'ah was "celebrated for the many learned men who were natives of the place."[23]
Later, under the
In 1838, Eli Smith listed Der'a as a Muslim, Catholic and Greek Orthodox village in the Nukrah region, south of Eshmiskin.[28]
Modern era
By the 20th-century Adhri'at gained its modern name "Daraa." Following the Ottomans' construction of the
Daraa is the southernmost city of Syria near the border with Jordan and a major midpoint between Damascus and Amman.[25]
After the Syrian Ba'ath Party gained power following the 1963 coup, the new interior minister Amin al-Hafiz appointed Abd al-Rahman al-Khlayfawi as governor of Daraa until 1965.[33] Daraa had recently, before the
Syrian Civil War
The city of Daraa played an important role by the start of the
During this time the local courthouse, the Ba'ath party headquarters in the city, and the
On 16 February 2012, the Syrian Army reportedly attacked Daraa, shelling the city heavily. This was apparently because, "Daraa has been regaining its role in the uprising. Demonstrations resumed and the FSA provided security for protests in some parts of the city." The attack was part of a security force push "to regain control of areas they lost in recent weeks", indicating that the FSA in Daraa had taken control of parts of the city. Security forces attacked at least three districts, but FSA fighters fought back, firing at Syrian Army roadblocks and buildings housing security police and militiamen.[38] On 14 March 2012, the FSA controlled at least one main district in the city of Daraa (Al-Balad district) which made the Syrian army attack it by firing anti-aircraft guns into buildings of the FSA-controlled district.[39]
In early June 2017, much of the city of Daraa was reported to have been destroyed by protracted fighting.[40] On 12 July 2018, the battle for Daraa ended after several days of intense clashes between the Syrian Army and rebel forces, some of which agreed to terms of reconciliation. The Syrian Army retook the city fully.[41]
On 1 March, the
Geography
The city also contains a
Climate
Daraa has a
Climate data for Dara'a | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.3 (88.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
15.2 (59.4) |
24.2 (75.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 60.9 (2.40) |
49.4 (1.94) |
42.3 (1.67) |
15.2 (0.60) |
3.4 (0.13) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (0.02) |
9.4 (0.37) |
22.9 (0.90) |
45.9 (1.81) |
250.8 (9.88) |
Average precipitation days | 10 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 48 |
Source: World Meteorological Organization |
References
- ^ "President al-Assad issues decrees appointing new governors for four Syrian provinces". SANA. 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004 Archived 2012-07-23 at archive.today. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Daraa Governorate. (in Arabic)
- ^ Sterling, Joe. Daraa: The spark that lit the Syrian flame. CNN. 2012-03-01.
- ^ "Three years later, south Syria's Daraa province locked in stalemate". Syria Direct. Retrieved 2016-02-17.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Syria: How it all began". GlobalPost. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
- ^ "Syria: Crimes Against Humanity in Daraa". Human Rights Watch. June 2011. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
- ^ Numbers 21:33 and Deuteronomy 3:1
- ^ a b Negev, p. 150.
- OCLC 15417732
- ^ William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1864): Adraa
- ISBN 9785872102076.
- ^ "Ancient coins of Arabia". snible.org.
- ^ a b c d Sharon, 2007, p. 68
- ISBN 978-0-67477886-3), p. 419
- ^ Adolf Harnack, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, Book 4, Chapter 3, section 1
- ISBN 978-9-00403763-2), p. 29
- ^ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 859-860
- ^ Siméon Vailhé, v. Adraa, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. I, Paris 1909, coll. 592-593
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 838
- ^ a b c Sharon, 2007, p. 69
- ^ Houtma, 1993, p. 135
- ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 34
- ^ a b c le Strange, 1890, p. 383
- ^ le Strange, 1890, p. 40
- ^ a b c Sharon, 2007, p. 70
- ^ Runciman 1989, p. 146.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 214.
- ^ Smith; in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Second appendix, B, p. 152.
- ^ Letter to W.F. Stirling, Deputy Chief Political Officer, Cairo, 28 June 1919, in Brown, 1988.
- ^ Lawrence, T.E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 580–583, 635.
- ISBN 9780300226393.
- ^ "Revolt's Military Routes in Jordan and Syria". arabrevolt.jo.
- ^ Moubayed, 2006, p. 275
- ^ Michael Gunning (26 August 2011). "Background to a Revolution". n+1.
- ^ "Syria to free child prisoners". Al Jazeera. 20 Mar 2011. Retrieved 20 Mar 2011.
- ^ "Middle East unrest: Three killed at protest in Syria". BBC News. 18 March 2011.
- ^ ""We've Never Seen Such Horror" | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ "Syria live blog Thu, 16 Feb 2012, 06:32". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ "Syria - Mar 14, 2012 - 11:43 | Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Syrian regime jets pound Daraa after rebel attacks TheNewArab, 5 June 2017.
- ^ "Breaking: Battle for Daraa city ends in decisive victory for Syrian Army". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Bibliography
- ISBN 9004097961.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 9781885942401.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). Across the Jordan: being an exploration and survey of part of Hauran and Jaulan. Bentley.
- ISBN 978-9004157804.
Further reading
- T.E. Lawrence, (various editions) Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Chapter LXXX