Afro-Nicaraguans

Edit links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Afro-Nicaraguan
)
Afro-Nicaraguans
African-Americans
.

Afro-Nicaraguans are Nicaraguans of Sub-Saharan African descent. Five main distinct ethnic groups exist: The Creoles who descend from

Garifunas descendants of Zambos (Caribs, Arawaks, and shipwrecked maroons) expelled from St. Vincent who speak Garifuna,[5] the Rama Cay zambos a subset of the Miskito who speak Rama Cay Creole,[6] and the descendants of those enslaved by the Spanish.[7]

History

The first African slaves were transported to Nicaragua were taken by

haciendas. So, from 1558, Bishop Lazaro Carrasco, meeting with the Native Americans "almost all consumed" and less than a hundred Spanish neighbors without enough real entries, asked for the King's license to import 600 people of African descent to enslave them, they would remedy the situation, i.e., could produce the earth.≈[citation needed
]

The number of the first African people enslaved were imported must have been considerable, perhaps thousands. Because most Spanish who emigrated to America were men, soldiers and colonists took indigenous and African women as partners and concubines. As early as the 18th century, most people who were enslaved born in the territory were

Ashanti (of Ghana), those from what is now known as "Angola", the Congo region, the "mina" and "Mandinga" of the Gambia
. The proportion of men and women slaves was very similar.

Miscegenation caused a large release of enslaved people. Thus emerged middle classes formed by Zambo, mulatto and quadroon (those with a quarter African blood) and other mixtures. By 1820, persons of some African descent made up 84 percent of the population.[citation needed]

But many of them were kept as slaves, probably hundreds. Thus, during the first half of the 17th century, many of the slaves were used in the

Cimarrons" (cimarrones) were affected by several royal orders issued against them. One of them agreed to raise an army against those colonies and return enslaved people to their owners. This law was fulfilled in Nicaragua.[8]

However, the Spanish were not the only people to import people to make them slaves to Nicaragua. The English, who were colonists on the coast of Nicaragua since 1633, also imported groups of people to enslave since the late 17th century. The English began cultivating sugar cane and indigo around

Rio Coco, which were labor-intensive crops.[9] The slaves were also used for cotton plantations and especially for cutting mahogany.[10] As in the case of slaves imported by the Spanish, the African slaves of the English mixed with the Miskito, Sumu, and Rama indigenous peoples of the area.[9]

Most “caseros” (derived from Spanish "Casa" -house- i.e., men assigned to domestic service in the homes of Creoles and Spaniards) enslaved African and mulatto people who also performed agricultural and cattle, but were not the main operating system. Finally, following independence, slavery was abolished by the decree of the Constituent Assembly of April 17, 1824.[8]

However, in the early 19th century arrived slaves from

Garifuna people came to the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua from Honduras for fighting for their land, to be recognized as ethnic, and to preserve their cultural identity. However, the Garifuna were met with fierce opposition from the Miskito people, as indigenous of these territories, and of the Creole, who forced them to accept English as the language for business transactions and a half for insertion and recognition in society.[11]

Communities

Most enslaved people imported by the Spanish to Nicaragua were mixed during the colonial era and their

zambos. The Afro-Nicaraguan population is descended from enslaved people who were exported from places such as Panama, Nigeria, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Jamaica
.

Indigenous Zambos

These are indigenous groups formed by the mixture of African descent and the

Rio Coco, there were imported the first enslaved Africans to do the arduous and dangerous work of the canefields.[9] The slaves were also forced to labor in cotton plantations and especially in lumber extraction mahogany.[10] The arrival of African slaves to the area facilitated the race mixtures between this group and the natives of the place, the aforementioned Miskito, Sumu and Rama.[9] Thus, Sumo and Rama are zambos. While the Miskito are a mixture of Bawinka Amerindians, Africans, zambos (sumos "tawahkas"), and European.[12]

Creoles

They are mostly descendants of former slaves from Jamaica, who arrived in the region in the early 19th century when the region was a British protectorate and retained a rich indigenous culture. That is, are Creoles. The Nicaraguan Creole received from the English, their language, their religion, and customs. Of old, the coastal rebutted the inability of the rest of Nicaraguans (Pacific) to understand their cultural identity, and although desde 1987 the Caribbean has a different territorial system (RAAN and RAAS), many sectors still consider themselves neglected by the central state and not yet given a move back legal, political, economic, religious and cultural life of the Caribbean Coast to the rest of Nicaragua.[11]

Garifuna

They live on the country's coasts. They are a mixture of

Roatan, Honduras
because rebelled them against the English domain of the island. From there, they migrated to the Honduran coast, from where they spread to the rest of the Central American coast to Costa Rica.

The Garifuna came to the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua in 1832 with the same objectives that motivated since its installation in continental America (after the wreck of the slave ship in 1636 near the island of St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles): fighting for his land, be recognized as ethnic and preserve their cultural identity. However, the Garifuna were met with fierce opposition from the Miskito, as indigenous of this territory, and of Black Creole, who forced them to accept English as the language for business transactions and a half for insertion and recognition in society, according to research on ethnicity in the Caribbean Nicaraguan, of Silvio Araica Aguilar and Cleopatra Morales (May 2000). The authors report that "the major contradictions between Creole and Garifuna, despite having the same ancestors of African origin lies in the genealogy of its ethnic composition and thus the result of cultural syncretism" (May, 2000). According to the Human Development Report of the United Nations to Central America in 2003, in Nicaragua would 2000 garífunas.[11]

Nicaraguan coasts: a distinct region

The African slaves arrives on Nicaraguan Coast during the British commercial and political domain of the Nicaraguan coast (1524–1821), many of which were exported by the British themselves (except the Creoles). In 1860 Great Britain and the United States sign a treaty, because international negotiations between the two countries developed. So, from 1894, England, abandons gradually the Caribbean coast, delivering in 1905, the territory to American companies, occupying the latter will last until 1930. After British withdrawal, on the Caribbean coast, it remains for 44 years as an autonomous region of Nicaragua, having its own laws and regulations until 1894, when President

Garifuna and Afro-descendants- of this Nicaraguan area. It caused an abandonment of schools and colleges on the coast for generations. The Nicaraguan coast always remained economically dominated by American companies until the 1930s when U.S. companies were gradually replaced by the capital of the Somoza family and its allies until 1979 with the triumph of the Sandinista Revolution. In 1987, the Caribbean coast achieved autonomy from Nicaragua. The government, fearing the loss of the territory, divided it into two autonomous regions now known as the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region, but internal conflicts remain.[10]

Notable Afro-Nicaraguans

See also

References

  1. ^ "Afro-Nicaraguan in Nicaragua".
  2. ^ "Why people migrate: A plea for empathy from Nicaragua". 27 June 2018.
  3. ^ "About Nicaragua | Health and Culture in Nicaragua". journeys.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  4. ^ "The Miskito Sambus and the transformation of the Miskito empire".
  5. ^ "Garifuna (Garinagu)". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
  6. ^ "Rama Cay people, culture and history".
  7. ^ CIA, Factbook, Nicaragua
  8. ^ a b c El nuevo diario. com (in Spanish: New Diary.com). Posted by Jorge Eduardo Arellano, May 29, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2013, to 19:20 pm,
  9. ^ a b c d Costa Rica en el siglo XVIII (in Spanish: Costa Rica in the 18th century). Volumen 8. Google Books.
  10. ^ a b c "Asociación Indígena para la Integración y Desarrollo de la Región Autónoma de la Costa Atlántica". Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-02-24. Breve Reseña Histórica - Asociación Indígena para la Integración y Desarrollo de la Región Autónoma de la Costa Atlántica
  11. ^ a b c Bluefields Radios Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ Sergio Ramírez y las raíces africanas de Centroamérica (in Spanish: Sergio Ramírez and the African roots of Centroamerica)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afro-Nicaraguans&oldid=1214471072"