Alpine ibex
Alpine ibex | |
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Male | |
Female | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Artiodactyla |
Family: | Bovidae |
Subfamily: | Caprinae |
Tribe: | Caprini
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Genus: | Capra |
Species: | C. ibex
|
Binomial name | |
Capra ibex | |
Distribution of the Alpine ibex (population in Bulgaria not included) |
The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), which is also known as the steinbock, is a species of goat that lives in the Alps of Europe. It is one of ten species in the genus Capra and its closest living relative is the Iberian ibex. The Alpine ibex is a sexually dimorphic species; males are larger and carry longer horns than females. Its coat is brownish-grey. Alpine ibexes tend to live in steep, rough terrain and open alpine meadows. They can be found at elevations as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) and their sharp hooves allow them to scale their mountainous habitat.
Alpine ibexes primarily feed on grass and are active throughout the year. Although they are social animals, adult males and females segregate for most of the year, coming together only to mate. During the breeding season, males use their long horns to fight for access to females. Ibexes have few predators but may succumb to parasites and diseases.
By the 19th century, the Alpine Ibex had been
Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus first described the Alpine ibex in 1758. It is classified in the genus Capra with nine other species of goat.[2] Capra is Latin for "she-goat"[3] while the species name "ibex" is translated from Latin as "chamois" and is possibly derived from an earlier Alpine language.[4]
Fossils of the genus
In the 20th century, the Nubian (C. nubiana), walia (C. walie), and Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) were considered to be subspecies of the Alpine ibex; populations in the Alps were given the trinomial of C. i. ibex.[7] Genetic evidence from 2006 has supported the status of these Ibexes as separate species.[6]
The following cladogram of seven Capra species is based on 2022 mitochondrial evidence:[8]
Capra |
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Appearance
Alpine ibexes are
The Alpine ibex is a stocky animal with a tough neck and robust legs with short metapodials. Compared with most other wild goats, the species has a wide, shortened snout. Adaptations for climbing include sharp, highly separated hooves and a rubbery callus under the front feet.[2][5] Both male and female Alpine ibexes have large, backwards-curving horns with an elliptical cross-section and a trilateral-shaped core. Transverse ridges on the front surface of the horns mark an otherwise flat surface. At 69–98 cm (27–39 in), the horns of males are substantially longer than those of females, which reach only 18–35 cm (7.1–13.8 in) in length.[5]
The species has brownish-grey hair over most of its body; this hair's colour is lighter on the belly, and there are dark markings on the chin and throat. The hair on the chest region is nearly black and there are stripes along the dorsal (back) surface. The Alpine ibex is duller-coloured than other members of its genus. As with other goats, only males have a beard. Ibexes
Distribution and habitat
The Alpine ibex is native to the Alps of central Europe; its range includes France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Germany, and Austria.[9] Fossils of the species have been found as far south as Greece, where it became locally extinct over 7,500 years ago due to human predation.[10] Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the species disappeared from much of its range due to hunting, leaving by the 19th century one surviving population in and around Gran Paradiso, Italy. The species has since been reintroduced into parts of its former range,[9] as well as new areas such as Slovenia[11] and Bulgaria.[9]
The Alpine Ibex is an excellent climber; it occupies steep, rough terrain at elevations of 1,800 to 3,300 m (5,900 to 10,800 ft). It prefers to live an open areas[5] but when there is little snow, and depending on population density, adult males may gather in larch and mixed larch-spruce woodland.[12] Outside the breeding season, the sexes live in separate habitats.[12][13] Females are more likely to be found on steep slopes while males prefer more-level ground. Males inhabit lowland meadows during the spring, when fresh grass appears,[5] and climb to alpine meadows during the summer.[12] In early winter, both males and females move to steep, rocky slopes to avoid dense buildups of snow.[14] Alpine ibexes prefer slopes of 30–45°, and take refuge in small caves and overhangs.[15]
Behaviour and ecology
The Alpine ibex is strictly
In Gran Paradiso, home ranges of the Alpine Ibex can exceed 700 ha (1,700 acres) and in reintroduced populations, home ranges may approach 3,000 ha (7,400 acres).[5][19] Home-range size depends on the availability of resources and the time of year. Home ranges tend to be largest during summer and autumn, smallest in winter, and intermediate in spring. Females' home ranges are usually smaller than those of males.[5][14][19] Ibexes do not hibernate during the winter; they take shelter on cold winter nights and bask in the mornings. They also reduce their heart rate and metabolism.[20]
The Alpine ibex may compete for resources with
Social behaviour
The Alpine ibex is a social species but it tends to live in groups that are based on sex and age.[5] For most of the year, adult males group separately from females, and older males live separately from young males.[23] Female groups consist of 5–10 members and male groups usually have 2–16 members but sometimes have more than 50.[2][24] Dependent kids live with their mothers in female groups. Segregation between the sexes is a gradual process; males younger than nine years may still associate with female groups.[25] Adult males, particularly older males, are more likely to be found alone than females.[24] Social spacing tends to be looser in the summer, when there is more room to feed. Ibexes have stable social connections; they consistently regroup with the same individuals when ecological conditions force them together.[26] Female groups tend to be more stable than male groups.[2][25]
In the breeding season, which occurs in December and January, adult males and females gather together, and separate again in April and May.[5] Among males, a dominance hierarchy based on size, age, and horn length exists.[27] Hierarchies are established outside the breeding season, allowing males to focus more on mating and less on fighting. Males use their horns for combat; they will bash the sides of rivals or clash head-to-head, the latter often involves them standing bipedally and clashing downwards.[28]
Alpine ibexes communicate mainly through short, sharp whistles that serve mostly as alarm calls and may occur singularly or in succession with short gaps. Females and their young communicate by bleating.[2]
Reproduction and growth
The mating season begins in December and typically lasts for around six weeks. During this time, male herds break up into smaller groups and search for females. The
The female is in oestrus for around 20 days and gestation averages around five months, and typically results in the birth of one or sometimes two kids.[31] Females give birth away from their social groups on rocky slopes that are relatively safe from predators.[32] After a few days, the kids can move on their own. Mothers and kids gather into nursery groups, where young are nursed for up to five months.[2] Nursery groups can also include non-lactating females.[17] Alpine ibexes reach sexual maturity at 18 months but females continue to grow until they are around five or six years old, and males are nine to eleven years old.[5]
The horns grow throughout life. Young are born without horns, which become visible as tiny tips at one month and reach 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) in the second month.[2] In males, the horns grow at about 8 cm (3.1 in) per year for the first five-and-a-half years, slowing to half that rate once the animal reaches 10 years of age.[5] The slowing of horn growth in males coincides with aging.[33] The age of an ibex can be determined by annual growth rings in the horns, which stop growing in winter.[34][35][2]
Mortality and health
Male Alpine Ibexes live for around 16 years while females live for around 20 years. The species has a high adult survival rate compared with other herbivores around its size.
Alpine ibexes may suffer
Conservation
During the
Starting in 1902, several Alpine ibexes from Gran Paradiso were taken into captive facilities in Switzerland for selective breeding and reintroduction into the wild. Until 1948, translocated founder animals were captive-bred. Afterwards, there were reintroductions of wild-born specimens from established populations in Piz Albris, Le Pleureur, and Augstmatthorn. These gave rise to the populations in France and Austria. Alpine ibexes also recolonised areas on their own.[5] The Alpine ibex population reached 3,020 in 1914, 20,000 in 1991, and 55,297 in 2015, and by 1975, the species occupied much of its medieval range.[5][9][45] In the 1890s, ibexes were introduced to Slovenia despite the lack of evidence of their presence there following the last glacial period.[11] In 1980, ibexes were translocated to Bulgaria.[9]
Between 2015 and 2017, there were around 9,000 ibexes in 30 colonies in France, over 17,800 individuals and 30 colonies in Switzerland, over 16,400 ibexes in 67 colonies in Italy, around 9,000 in 27 colonies in Austria, around 500 in five colonies in Germany, and almost 280 ibexes and four colonies in Slovenia.
Having gone through a
Cultural significance
The Alpine ibex is called the steinbock, which originated from the Old High German word steinboc, literally "stone buck".[54][55] Several European names for the animal developed from this, including the French bouquetin and the Italian stambecco.[55] The Alpine ibex is one of many animals depicted in the art of the Late Pleistocene-era Magdalenian culture in Western Europe.[56] Local people used Ibexes for traditional medicine;[45] the horn material was used to counter cramps, poisoning, and hysteria, while the blood was thought to prevent stones from developing in the bladder.[57] The species' value as a source of medicine led to its near extinction.[45] Since its recovery, the Alpine ibex has been seen as a resilient symbol of the mountain range. The species is depicted on the coat of arms of the Swiss canton of Grisons.[58]
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External links