Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae | |
---|---|
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Anacardiaceae ( R.Br.) Lindl.
|
Subfamilies | |
The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family
Description
Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and
Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family.[5]The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in
Leaves are
Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.[4] Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both
Fruits rarely open at maturity[4] and are most often drupes.[6]
Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like. Little or no endosperm is present. Cotyledons are fleshy.[6] Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the embryo.[4]
Taxonomy
History
In 1759,
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Brown's name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of the group, and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia, and Picramnia.[10]
John Lindley described the "essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by de Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ. He includes the genera that were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus, and Mauria.[4]
Phylogeny
The genus in 2004.(Pell 2004)
Subdivision
The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into
Genera
79 genera are accepted:[13]
- poison sumac)Hook.f.
- Trichoscypha
Ecology
The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.
Uses
Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits.[4]
Some members[
Etymology
The name Anacardium, originally from the Greek, refers to the nut, core or heart of the fruit, which is outwardly located: ana means "upward" and -cardium means "heart").
References
- ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
- from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ PMID 21632348.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Natural System of Botany (1831), pages 125-127
- ^ a b Systematic Anatomy, (1908), page 244-248
- ^ a b c d e f g Northern United States (1897), page 25 Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pell et al 2011.
- ^ Genera plantarum (1789) pages 368-369 Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Expedition... (1818) Appendix V, pages 430-431 Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (1824), pages 62-66 Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pistaciaceae Martinov Archived 29 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed 28 March 2010
- ^ James L. Reveal, USDA - APHIS -- Concordance of Family Names Archived 6 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, last revised 25 October 2006
- ^ Anacardiaceae R.Br. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Bibliography
- Aguilar-Ortigoza, Carlos; Sosa, Victoria; Angeles, Guillermo (April 2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of three genera in Anacardiaceae: Bonetiella, Pseudosmodingium, and Smodingium". Brittonia. 56 (2): 169–184. S2CID 25623042.
- Andrés-Hernández, A. R.; Terrazas, Teresa (October 2009). "Leaf architecture of Rhus s.str. (Anacardiaceae)". Feddes Repertorium. 120 (5–6): 293–306. from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord; Brown, Hon. Addison (1897). An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102D Meridian. Vol. II, Portulacaceae to Menyanthaceae. Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- John Murray. Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
- Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de; Candolle, Alphonse de (1825). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars Secunda (in Latin). Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
- Jussieu, Bernard de (1789). Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV (in Latin). Paris: Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ISBN 978-3-642-14397-7. Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- Kunth, C. S. (1824). "Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est". Annales des Sciences Naturelles (in French). Tome Second. Paris: Chez Bechet Jeune. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- Lindley, F.R.S., John; Torrey, M.D., John (1831). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany: or A Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together with the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts and Rural or Domestic Economy (First American ed.). New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- Mitchell, John D.; Daly, Douglas C. (5 August 2015). "A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics". PhytoKeys (55): 1–92. PMID 26312044.
- Moffett, R.O. (2007). "Name changes in the Old World Rhus and recognition of Searsia (Anacardiaceae". from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- Müller, Hermann; Knuth, Dr. Paul; Davis, James Richard Ainsworth (1908). "XXXII. Order Anacardiaceae". Handbook of Flower Pollination Based Upon Hermann Müller's Work 'The Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects'. Vol. II, Ranunculaceae to Stylidieae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 258–259. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- Pell, Susan Katherine (May 2004). Molecular systematics of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae) (PDF). Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University. Archived from the original (PhD thesis) on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
- Pell, Susan K.; Mitchell, John D.; Lowry, Porter P.; Randrianasolo, Armand; Urbatsch, Lowell E. (1 April 2008). "Phylogenetic Split of Malagasy and African Taxa of Protorhus and Rhus (Anacardiaceae) Based on cpDNA trnL–trnF and nrDNA ETS and ITS Sequence Data". Systematic Botany. 33 (2): 375–383. S2CID 86329117.
- Pell, SK; Mitchell, JD; Miller, AJ; Lobova, TA (10 December 2010). Anacardiaceae R.Br. (1818). Springer. pp. 7–50. ISBN 9783642143977. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017., in Kubitzki (2011)
- from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- Turpin, Pierre Jean François; Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de (1828). "Térébintacées". Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Dans Lequel on Traite Méthodiquement des Différens Êtres de la Nature, Considérés Soit en Eux-Mêmes, d'Aprés l'État Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement à l'Utilité Qu'en Peuvent Retirer la Médecine, l'Agriculture, le Commerce et les Arts (in French). Vol. 53. Strasbourg: G. Levrault. pp. 120–126. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
External links
- Tree of Life: Anacardiaceae
- Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae research
- Anacardiaceae in Topwalks
- Anacardiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.
- Family Anacardiaceae Archived 23 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Flowers in Israel
- Anacardiaceae of Chile, by Chileflora
- Anacardiaceae in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
- Anacardiaceae at Flickr
- Tianlu Min & Anders Barfod. Anacardiaceae at Flora of China, 2008