Assassination and terrorism in Iran

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Numerous civilians, including men, women, children, government officials, activists,

Iranian history.[1] Among the most notable acts of terrorism in Iran in the 20th century have been the 1978 Cinema Rex fire and the 1990s chain murders of Iran
.

Several

Mohammad Ali Rajai; Head of Judiciary Mohammad Beheshti; Chief Commander of the Army Ali Sayad Shirazi; and Minister of Labor Dariush Forouhar
.

Groups have taken responsibility for some attacks, in others a group or regime is suspected or has been accused of the attack by the victims, and in still others the perpetrator is unknown. Alleged or admitted perpetrators of the killings in Iran span a wide range, including Islamic fundamentalists/revivalists (

1994 Imam Reza shrine bomb explosion), Islamist enemies of the Islamic Republic, possibly with help from foreign enemies (Haft-e Tir bombing), hardline supporters of the Islamic Republic (Chain murders of Iran
).

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Attacks on Iranians

Assassinations in Qajar era

Shah

Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar[2] conforms more closely to the modern phenomenon of terrorism as a tool of a political movement. Nasser al-Din was shot and killed by Mirza Reza Kermani, a follower of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, an early promoter of modern Pan-Islamism. Al-Afghani is reported to have said of the assassination, "surely it was a good deed to kill this bloodthirsty tyrant."[3]

Fadayan-e Islam

Fadayan-e Islam
.
Main article:
Fadayan-e Islam

Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution
of Iran.

1978 Cinema Rex fire

Main article: Cinema Rex fire

On August 19, 1978, in the midst of the

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, generated great popular anger and contributed to his overthrow.[5][6][7][8]

Attacks by Mujahedin-e-Khalq

Main article: Haft-e Tir bombing
Further information: List of people assassinated by the People's Mujahedin of Iran
Hafte Tir bombing victims mausoleum, designed by Mir-Hossein Mousavi

On June 28, 1981, bombs set by the

Mohammad Javad Bahonar
and Colonel Vahid Dastjardi, the head of the country's police force.

The 1998 Chain murders

Main articles:
Allegations of Iranian state terrorism and Chain murders of Iran

Since the founding of the Islamic Republic, dissidents in Iran have complained of unsolved murders and disappearances of intellectuals and political activists who had been critical of the Islamic Republic system in some way. In 1998 these complaints came to a head with the killing of three dissident writers, political leader

Ministry of Intelligence and Security operations, which would have compromised the entire leadership of the Islamic Republic."[12]

Attacks by Taliban and Sunni extremists

1994 Mashhad bombing

Main article:
1994 Imam Reza shrine bomb explosion

On June 20, 1994, the explosion of a bomb in a prayer hall of

Ministry of Intelligence in October 1994 identified the culprits as operatives of Pakistan's Lashkar-e-Jhangvi the sister organization of Sipah-e-Sahaba."[17]

1998 Mazar-i-Sharif killings

Main article:
1998 Iranian diplomats murder in Afghanistan

On August 8, 1998, the

Shias.[18]

More infuriating for Iran was the fact that Pakistan's ISI had guaranteed their security.

Tehran had earlier contacted the Pakistan government to guarantee the security of their Consulate, because the Iranians knew that ISI officers had driven into Mazar with the Taliban. The Iranians had thought that Dost Mohammed's unit had been sent to protect them so had welcomed them at first. .... At first the Taliban refused to admit the whereabouts of the diplomats but then as international protests and Iranian fury increased, they admitted that the diplomats had been killed, not on official orders but by renegade Taliban. But reliable sources said that Dost Mohammed had spoken to Mullah Omar on his wireless to ask whether the diplomats should be killed and Omar had given the go-ahead."[19]

Iran was also angry at the lack of support from Western countries, particularly America, which considered Iran an enemy. Referring to the attack, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei alleges that "neither the Americans, nor the Europeans, who are now pursuing Al-Qaeda agents as members of the most dangerous terror organization, showed any reaction at all."[20]

The Taliban were also thought to have "secretly" backed anti-regime Iranian groups. These groups received weapons and support from the Taliban and "Iranians were convinced that the Pakistanis were also sponsoring them." The group sought to overthrow the Shia Iranian government, despite the fact that Iran was overwhelmingly Shia.[21]

Iran responded to the killings by putting its forces on alert and moving troops to the Afghan border, though tensions would subside.

Jundallah (since 2003)

See also: Jundallah (Iran), United States and state-sponsored terrorism § Middle East, and Iran–United States relations

terrorist organization by Iran and Pakistan[24] and many believe it is linked to Al-Qaeda.[25] It is also believed to receive support from the US government.[26]

2007 Zahedan bombing

Main article:
2007 Zahedan bombing

A car filled with explosives stopped in front of a bus full of Revolutionary Guards in Ahmabad district,

Sistan-Baluchestan Province at 6:30 a.m. on February 14, 2007. The car, parked in the middle of the road, forced the bus to stop. The car's driver and passengers then got out of the car and used motorbikes to leave the scene while they shot at the bus. A few seconds later the bombs exploded, killing 18 Guards. Guards commander Qasem Rezaei said, "This blind terrorist operation led to the martyrdom of 18 citizens of Zahedan." Rezaei attributed the attack to "insurgents and elements of insecurity." Majid Razavi, an Interior Ministry official, said Iranian police arrested a suspect within an hour of the bombing.[27]

Ahvaz Bombings.[citation needed] The Iranian government has arrested five suspects, two of whom were carrying camcorders and grenades when they were arrested, while the police killed the main "agent" of the attack.[29]

Hossein Ali Shahriari, Zahedan's representative in parliament, rhetorically asked, "Why does our diplomatic apparatus not seriously confront the

Pakistani government for harboring bandits and regime's enemies? Why do security, military and police officials not take more serious action?"[29]

2005 Ahvaz bombings

Main article: 2005–06 Ahvaz bombings

The Ahvaz bombings were a series of bombings that took place mostly in Ahvaz. The bombings were linked to previous suppression of the Arab unrest in Ahvaz, occurred earlier in 2005. The first bombing came ahead of the presidential election on June 12. Interior Ministry official Mohammad Hussein Motahar said at the time:[30]

Two bombs were hidden in toilets within the building of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and at the Office of Construction and Civil Engineering. The third bomb exploded in front of the house of the governor of Khuzestan Province. All three of these explosions were in the city center of Ahvaz. Another bomb was hidden in the doorway of the house of a [state] radio and television official in Ahvaz. The bomb went off when the door was opened.

2008 Shiraz bombing

Main article:
2008 Shiraz explosion

A terrorist bombing inside a mosque in Shiraz in April 2008 killed 14 people including 10 men, 2 women and 2 children. More than 200 were also injured. Responsibility for the attack has not been determined.

2008 convoy bombing

According to Western news reports, at least 15 people were killed and scores wounded in a July 2008 explosion in Tehran. Initially there was a news black-out on the explosion in Iran and Revolutionary Guards launched an investigation into the causes of the blast and the possibility that sabotage was involved. There had been "a number of unexplained explosions in recent months." The convoy was reported to be carrying arms for Hezbollah when it exploded.[31]

2010 Chabahar suicide bombing

Main article: 2010 Chabahar suicide bombing

2010 Chabahar suicide bombing was carried out on December 14, 2010, by two

Shiite Muslim mourning procession in Southeastern Iranian coastal city of Chabahar outside Imam Husain Mosque.[32] The bombings took place in the day of Tasua, when Shiite Muslims gathered there to commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad.[33] The bombing resulted in killing at least 38 people.[34]

2010–2012 scientist assassinations

Main article: Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists

Four Iranian nuclear scientists were assassinated between 2010 and 2012, and a fifth was wounded in a failed assassination attempt. The Iranian government has accused Israel of committing the attacks, a claim which Israel has denied.

2017 Tehran attacks

Main article: 2017 Tehran attacks

On June 7, 2017,

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini, both in Tehran, Iran, were hit, leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 wounded.[35][36]

2018 Ahvaz attack

Main article:
2018 Ahvaz military parade attack

On September 22, 2018, a military parade was attacked in Ahvaz, a southwestern Iranian city.[37][38]

2018 Chabahar suicide bombing

Main article: 2018 Chabahar suicide bombing

On December 6, 2018, a suicide bomber detonated his car near a police station killing two policemen and wounding dozens more.[39]

2022 stabbings at Imam Reza shrine

Main article: Imam Reza shrine stabbings

On April 5, 2022, a

Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad, Iran, killing two Shia clerics and wounding a third. The perpetrator, identified as foreign national Abdullatif Moradi, was immediately arrested along with six others accused of assisting him. The victims were active members of non-profit constructing and cultural communities.[40]

The attacker, Abdullatif Moradi, a 21-year-old ethnic Uzbek illegal immigrant from Afghanistan,[41] has been called as a "Takfiri who viewed Shia Muslims as heretics and believed their blood should be spilled". Moradi and his brother were reportedly active in social networks under the names of "Abdullatif al-Salafi", "Hassan Moradi" and "Abulaqib al-Mowahid", criticizing Shia Muslims and promoting Takfiri thoughts. (The "Abdullatif al-Salafi" alias indicates Salafi sympathies.)[42] He was executed by hanging in June 2022.[43]

2022–2023 attacks on Shah Cheragh shrine

Main article: 2022 Shah Cheragh attack

On October 26, 2022, a gunman shot and killed 15 pilgrims at the Shah Cheragh shrine in Shiraz, including women and children, and wounding scores of others. The man was shot by security forces and later died of his wounds.[44] Daesh (or ISIS) "took responsibility for the attack", but according to Iranian state media, they are "being masterminded by the West and Israel".[45]

On August 13, 2023, another gunman, later identified as Rahmatollah Nowruzo, shot and killed two and injuring seven at the same shrine. He was convicted and sentenced to death twice for "moharebeh" (waging war against God) and other offenses on September 22, 2023, by a Revolutionary court.[44]

According to a statement by Iran's Intelligence Ministry reported by Iranian state media, the ministry's forces had captured a "Daesh-linked" loyalist who performed the "most pivotal" role in the August 13 attack on the shrine, and that 196 Takfiri terrorists were caught or killed between the Ocoter 2022 and August 2023 attacks on the holy site, all of whom were non-Iranians. They were from Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.[44]

Mahsa Amini protests

According to state media, "30 simultaneous terrorist attacks" were set to take place on the one year anniversary of "the riots that broke out in September 2022", i.e. on the date of Mahsa Amini's death at the hands of security forces after she was arrested for allegedly bad hijab.[46] "Iran's intelligence ministry declared its forces neutralized" the planned attacks and arrested 28 terrorists".[46]

2024 Kerman bombings

Main article: 2024 Kerman bombings
2024 Kerman bombings
Bombing
Deaths89[47]
Injured171+[47]
PerpetratorIslamic State (claimed responsibility)

On January 3, 2024, between 15:50 and 16:00 (Iran time), two bombs exploded during a commemorative ceremony marking the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in Kerman.

The twin explosions struck a procession going towards Soleimani's tomb in the Golzar Shohada cemetery,[48] around the Saheb al-Zaman mosque, to commemorate the fourth anniversary of his death.[49] The first explosion occurred 700 metres from Soleimani's grave near a parking lot, while the second occurred one kilometre away at Shohada Street, where many had fled.[50][51]

At least 89 people were

injured,[52] including three paramedics who responded to the site of the first explosion and were caught in the second blast.[53]

Most of the fatalities were believed to have been killed in the second explosion.[50] Several of the injured were trampled in the panic that followed the explosions.[54]

The

bombings a terrorist attack,[49] making it the deadliest such incident in the country since 1979.[50]

Alleged attacks by the Islamic Republic of Iran

Main article: Iran and state-sponsored terrorism

In addition to attacks perpetrated in the country of Iran, since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, there have been lethal attacks that took place in other countries but were made possible at some level by the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Specifically, the

Israeli military occupation.[55]

A number of countries (

Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps
) of plotting assassinations or bombings against perceived enemies of the Iranian government in their countries.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Clay, Catrine (2006), King, Kaiser, Tsar. London: John Murray
  3. ^ Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal ad-Din "al-Afghani": A Political Biography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), p.412
  4. ^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p.98
  5. ISBN 0-520-25328-0
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  17. ^ "The Iranian Intelligence Services and the War On Terror By Mahan Abedin". Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  18. ^ Human Rights Watch Report, `Afghanistan, the massacre in Mazar-e-Sharif`, November 1998
  19. ^ Rashid, Ahmed, Taliban : Militant Islam, Oil & Fundamentalism in Central Asia, Yale University Press, 2000 p.74-5
  20. ^ We Cannot Believe Muslims Are Behind Terrorism in Iraq: Leader Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
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  24. ^ 2nd blast in 3 days hits Iranian city, 16 February 2007 Archived February 24, 2008, at the Wayback MachineAl-Qaeda's New Face, August 2004 Archived July 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ The legacy of Nek Mohammed By Syed Saleem Shahzad Archived May 3, 2012, at the Stanford Web Archive
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  28. ^ Al-Qaeda gains Palestine foothold Archived February 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Scotsman
  29. ^ a b 11 Guards killed in Iran bomb attack Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Gulf Times
  30. ^ Samii, Bill. "Iran: Bombings May be Connected with Minorities, Election". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. Archived from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  31. ^ Coughlin, Con (July 24, 2008). "Iranian military convoy rocked by mystery explosion". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  32. IRNA. December 15, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2010.[permanent dead link
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  33. Times of India. December 15, 2010. Archived
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    "Iran shootings: Parliament and shrine attacked". BBC. June 7, 2017.
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  38. ^ "Several killed, at least 20 injured in attack on military parade in Iran". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
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  41. ^ "Taliban Condemn Stabbing Attack at Shiite Site in Iran – Politics news". Tasnim News Agency. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
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  43. ^ "Iran hangs extremist accused of murdering Shia clerics". Al Arabiya. June 20, 2022.
  44. ^ a b c "Main culprit in terror attack on Shah Cheragh shrine sentenced to death". Tehran Times. September 22, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  45. ^ Emami, Sara (August 14, 2023). "Shah Cheragh terrorist attack: sequel to a failed plot". Tehran Times. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  46. ^ a b "30 simultaneous terrorist attacks neutralized in Tehran". Tehran Times. September 24, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  47. ^ a b Yee, Vivian; Fassihi, Farnaz (January 3, 2024). "Bombing in Iran Kills Over 100, Sowing Confusion and Speculation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
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  52. ^ i24NEWS (January 3, 2024). "Iranian official declares explosion near Soleimani's tomb was a 'terrorist attack'". I24news. Retrieved January 3, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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