Azerbaijanis in Armenia
Total population | |
---|---|
29[3] (2001) | |
Languages | |
Azerbaijani | |
Religion | |
Islam (mostly Shia) |
Azerbaijanis in Armenia (Azerbaijani: Ermənistan azərbaycanlıları or Qərbi azərbaycanlılar, lit. 'Western Azerbaijanis') numbered 29 people according to the 2001 census of Armenia. Although they have previously been the biggest minority in the country according to 1831[b]–1989 censuses, they are virtually non-existent since 1988–1991 when most fled or were forced out of the country as a result of the tensions of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War to neighboring Azerbaijan. The UNHCR estimates that the current population of Azerbaijanis in Armenia to be somewhere between 30 and a few hundred people,[5] with most of them living in rural areas as members of mixed couples (mostly mixed marriages), as well as elderly or sick. Most of them are reported to have changed their names to maintain a low profile to avoid discrimination.[6][7]
Historical statistics
Tatars (later known as
History
Pre-Russian rule
Upon
Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in
Some 80% of the population of
Russian rule
After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia.[22] The new Russian administration encouraged the settling of ethnic Armenians from Iran proper and Ottoman Turkey. As a result, by 1832, the number of ethnic Armenians had matched that of the Muslims.[19] Anyhow, it would be only after the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, which brought another influx of Turkish Armenians, that ethnic Armenians once again established a solid majority in Eastern Armenia.[23] Nevertheless, the city of Erivan (present-day Yerevan) remained having a Muslim majority up to the twentieth century.[23]
The term "Tatars", employed by the Russians, referred to
According to the traveler
Most lived in rural areas and were engaged in farming and carpet-weaving. They formed the majority in four of the governorate's seven districts, including the city of Erivan itself, where they constituted 49% of the population (compared to 48% constituted by Armenians).
-
Distribution of Azerbaijanis in modern borders of Armenia, 1886–1890.
-
Distribution of Azerbaijanis in the Armenian SSR, 1926.
-
Distribution of Azerbaijanis in the Armenian SSR, 1962.
For Azerbaijanis of Armenia, the twentieth century was the period of marginalization, discrimination, mass and often forcible migrations
First Republic of Armenia
Tensions rose again after both Armenia and Azerbaijan became briefly independent from the Russian Empire in 1918. Both quarrelled over where their common borders lay.[33] Warfare coupled with the influx of Armenian refugees resulted in widespread massacres of Muslims in Armenia[34][35][36][37] causing virtually all of them to flee to Azerbaijan.[16] German historian Jörg Baberowski writes that until March 1918, 100,000 Muslims throughout Armenia, mainly Daralayaz (modern-day Vayots Dzor) and Nor Bayazet (modern-day Gegharkunik), escaped to Ottoman-controlled territory or were killed, and 199 of their villages were destroyed by withdrawing Cossacks and Armenian volunteers.[38] Nearly a third of the 350,000 Muslims of the Erivan Governorate were displaced from their villages in 1918–1919 and living in the outskirts of Yerevan or along the former Russo-Turkish border in emptied Armenian homes. In 1919, the Armenian government declared the right of return of all refugees, however, this was not implemented in emptied Muslim settlements occupied by Western Armenian refugees.[39]
On 8 April 1920, Lord Curzon at the Paris Peace Conference warned the Armenian delegation that the actions of the "three chiefs", Dro, Hamazasp and Gyulkhandanyan, in destroying Tatar villages and staging massacres in Zangezur, Surmalu, Etchmiadzin, and Zangibasar was doing "great harm" to their cause—he also referred to an "official Tartar communique" from Wardrop attesting to the destruction of 300 villages. Curzon also spoke of the massacres of 4,000 Tatars, including women and children, near the Armenian–Turkish border, and the expulsion of 36,000 by cannon shots. The newspaper Le Temps also wrote that "several dozens of thousands Muslims had been killed in Armenia during the months of June and July 1920".[47] In October 1919, Muslim authorities in Kars appealed to Azerbaijan for means to transport 25,000 refugees to them. Azerbaijan through the Armenian diplomatic representative in Baku transferred funds to assist the destitute 70,000–80,000 Muslim refugees living south of Yerevan—50,000 of this number were dependent on relief aid during the winter. It was later reported through Azerbaijani representatives that there were 13,000 Muslims in Yerevan and another 50,000 throughout Armenia. Conversely, in northern Armenia, Muslims lived "acceptably" with "generally cordial" interethnic relations. The 40,000 Muslims who had fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan were resettled through a 69 million ruble allocation by the Azerbaijani government.[48]
Though Azerbaijanis were represented by three delegates in an 80-seat Armenian parliament (much more modestly than Armenians in the Azerbaijani parliament), they were universally targeted as "Turkish fifth columnists".
Soviet rule
The
In 1947,
Soviet education policy ensured the availability of schools with Azerbaijani as the language of instruction in Armenia.[60] In 1979, among the 160,841 Azers living in Armenia, Armenian was spoken as a second language by 16,164 (10%) and Russian by 15,879 (9.9%)[61] (compared to Armenians in Azerbaijan, of whom 8% knew Azerbaijani and 43% knew Russian).[62]
In 1934–1944, prior to rising to fame in Azerbaijan, prominent singer
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Part of a series on |
Azerbaijanis |
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Culture |
Traditional areas of settlement |
Diaspora |
Religion |
Language |
Persecution |
When the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict broke out, as the order of the Soviet Union was falling apart, Armenia had a large population of Azerbaijani minorities.[64] Civil unrest in Nagorno-Karabakh in 1987 led to harassment of Azerbaijanis, some of whom were forced to leave Armenia.[65] What started off as peaceful demonstrations in support of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians, in the absence of a favourable solution, soon turned into a nationalist movement, manifesting in violence in Azerbaijan, Armenian, and Karabakh against the minority population.[66]
On 25 January 1988 the first wave of Azerbaijani refugees from Armenia settled in the city of
In 1988–91, the remaining Azerbaijanis were forced to flee primarily to Azerbaijan.[66][73][74] It is impossible to determine the exact population numbers for Azerbaijanis in Armenia at the time of the conflict's escalation since during the 1989 census, forced Azerbaijani migration from Armenia was already in progress. UNHCR's estimate is 200,000 persons.[6]
Current situation
According to journalist Thomas de Waal, a few residents of Vardanants Street recall a small mosque being demolished in 1990.[75] Geographical names of Turkic origin were changed en masse into Armenian-sounding ones[76] (in addition to those continuously changed from the 1930s on[54]), a measure seen by some as a method to erase from popular memory the fact that Muslims had once formed a substantial portion of the local population.[77] According to Husik Ghulyan's study, in the period 2006-2018, more than 7700 Turkic geographic names that existed in the country have been changed and replaced by Armenian names.[78] Those Turkic names were mostly located in areas that previously were heavily populated by Azerbaijanis, namely in Gegharkunik, Kotayk and Vayots Dzor regions and some parts of Syunik and Ararat regions.[78]
In 2001, historian Suren Hobosyan of the Armenian Institute of Archeology and Ethnography estimated that there were 300 to 500 people of Azerbaijani origin living in Armenia, mostly descendants of mixed marriages, with only 60 to 100 being of full Azerbaijani ancestry. In an anonymous case study of 15 people of Azerbaijani origin (13 of mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani and 2 of full Azerbaijani ancestry) carried out in 2001 by the International Organization for Migration with the help of the non-governmental Armenian Sociological Association in Yerevan, Meghri, Sotk and Avazan, 12 respondents said they concealed their Azerbaijani roots from the public, and only 3 said they identified as Azerbaijani. 13 out of 15 respondents reported being Christian and none reported being Muslim.[79]
Some Azerbaijanis continue to live in Armenia to this day. Official statistics suggest there are 29 Azerbaijanis in Armenia as of 2001.[80] Hranush Kharatyan, the then head of the Department on National Minorities and Religion Matters of Armenia, stated in February 2007:
Yes, ethnic Azerbaijanis are living in Armenia. I know many of them but I cannot give numbers. Armenia has signed a UN convention according to which the states take an obligation not to publish statistical data related to groups under threat or who consider themselves to be under threat if these groups are not numerous and might face problems. During the census, a number of people described their ethnicity as Azerbaijani. I know some Azerbaijanis who came here with their wives or husbands. Some prefer not to speak out about their ethnic affiliation; others take it more easily. We spoke with some known Azerbaijanis residing in Armenia but they have not manifested a will to form an ethnic community yet.[81]
Prominent Azerbaijanis from Armenia
- Ashig Alasgar, 19th-century Azerbaijani poet and folk singer[82]
- Mirza Gadim Iravani, Azerbaijani painter of the mid-19th century
- Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski, Azerbaijani linguist and Member of the State Duma
- Akbar agha Sheykhulislamov, Minister of Agriculture of Azerbaijan in 1918–1920
- Abbasgulu bey Shadlinski, Soviet Azerbaijani military leader
- Heydar Huseynov, Azerbaijani philosopher
- Aziz Aliyev, Soviet politician
- Said Rustamov, Azerbaijani composer and conductor
- Mustafa Topchubashov, prominent Soviet surgeon and academician
- Ali Insanov, former Minister of Healthcare of Azerbaijan
- Huseyn Seyidzadeh, Azerbaijani film director
- Ahliman Amiraslanov, Azerbaijani physician
- Ismat Abbasov, Minister of Agriculture of Azerbaijan
- Avaz Alakbarov, Azerbaijani economist, ex-Minister of Finance of Azerbaijan
- Khagani Mammadov, Azerbaijani football player
- Khalaf Khalafov, Deputy Minister of the Foreign Affairs Ministry
- Ramazan Abbasov, Azerbaijani football player
- Rovshan Huseynov, Azerbaijani boxer
- Ismail Feyzullabeyli, Azerbaijani scholar
- Minister of Economic Development of Azerbaijan
- Ogtay Asadov, Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
- Mir Yusif Mirbabayev, linguistics scholar, director of the Institute of Linguistics at the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. He was one of the authors and the scientific editor of the 4-volume Russian-Azerbaijani dictionary, and a recipient of the Stalin Prize in 1948.
- Hidayat Orujov, Azerbaijani writer and ambassador to Kyrgyzstan
- Garib Mammadov, Chairman of State Land and Cartography Committee of Azerbaijan Republic.
- Azerbaijani Parliament
- Yusif Yusifov, a prominent Azerbaijani historian, orientalist, linguist, specialist on ancient literature.
- Kerim Allahverdiyev, a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1981), a professor, and a full member of the European Academy of Sciences.
See also
- Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
- Yeraz
- Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)
- Islam in Armenia
- Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia
- Blue Mosque, Yerevan
- Demographics of Armenia
- Armenians in Azerbaijan
Notes
- Transcaucasia.[1] Unlike Armenians and Georgians, the Tatars did not have their own alphabet and used the Perso-Arabic script.[1] After 1918 with the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and "especially during the Soviet era", the Tatar group identified itself as "Azerbaijani".[1] Prior to 1918 the word "Azerbaijan" exclusively referred to the Iranian province of Azarbayjan.[2]
- ^ Although not mentioned as "Azerbaijanis" (an ethnonym coined in 1918), censuses in 1831 and 1897 describe Muslims to be the largest minority and Armenian Apostolics the majority in the country; censuses in 1873 and 1886 suggest that most of these Muslims were Tatars (the Russian Empire's designation of Turkic speaking Muslims). The Tatars living in the southeastern Caucasus "became identified as Azeris".[4]
References
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- ^ Bournoutian, George (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900-1914. Routledge. p. xiv.
- ^ Martirosyan, Naira (29 June 2007). "Ազգային փոքրամասնություններ. ազգային խճանկար" [National minorities. National mosaic]. archive.168.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ISSN 2352-3654.
- ^ a b Second Report Submitted by Armenia Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Received on 24 November 2004
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- ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003: Armenia Archived 2019-12-30 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of State. Released 25 February 2004
- ^ Korkotyan 1932, pp. XXVI–XXVII & 166–167.
- ^ Korkotyan 1932, pp. 166–167.
- ^ Korkotyan 1932, pp. 164–165.
- ^ a b (in Russian)All-Soviet Population Census of 1939 – Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Demoscope.ru
- ^ a b (in Russian) All-Soviet Population Census of 1959 – Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Demoscope.ru
- ^ (in Russian)All-Soviet Population Census of 1970 – Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Demoscope.ru
- ^ a b (in Russian) All-Soviet Population Census of 1979 – Ethnic Composition in the Republics of the USSR: Armenian SSR Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Demoscope.ru
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- ^ a b Bournoutian 1980, pp. 11, 13–14.
- ^ Arakel of Tabriz. The Books of Histories; chapter 4. Quote: "[The Shah] deep inside understood that he would be unable to resist Sinan Pasha, i.e. the Sardar of Jalaloghlu, in a[n open] battle. Therefore he ordered to relocate the whole population of Armenia – Christians, Jews, and Muslims alike, to Persia, so that the Ottomans find the country depopulated."
- ^ a b Bournoutian 1980, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Bournoutian 1980, pp. 1–2.
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- ^ Bournoutian 1980, p. 14.
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- ^ "Эривань". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
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- ^ Fire and Sword in the Caucasus Archived 2009-04-21 at the Wayback Machine by Luigi Villari. London, T. F. Unwin, 1906: p. 267
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Thus Azerbaijanis were a threatened and oppressed minority in Armenia … the 'era of massacres' included massacres of Azerbaijanis by Armenians
- ^ "Армяно-турецкая война 1920 г." [Turkish–Armenian War of 1920]. Историческая энциклопедия. Archived from the original on 25 June 2006.
1920.09 – Mass pogroms by Armenians of Muslims in the Kars region and the Yerevan province.
- ^ (in Russian) Ethnic Conflicts in the USSR: 1917–1991 Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. State Archives of the Russian Federation, fund 1318, list 1, folder 413, document 21
- ^ (in Russian) Garegin Njdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian Archived October 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine August 28, 1947. Retrieved May 31, 2007
- ^ Baberovski 2010, p. 163.
- ^ Hovannisian 1982, p. 178.
- ^ Bloxham 2005, pp. 103.
- OCLC 1127546732.)
Reliable numbers are elusive, but Ottoman Turkish–Azerbaijani forces killed or drove out many thousands of Armenians from Nakhichevan, while Armenian militias visited a similar fate upon Azerbaijani Muslims in Zangezur.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - OCLC 1130319782.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ a b Thomas de Waal. Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide Archived 2023-04-04 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford University Press, 2014; p. 122
- ^ Hovannisian 1982, p. 213.
- ^ de Waal, Thomas (10 July 2005). "Глава 9. Противоречия. Сюжет двадцатого века" [Chapter 9 Twentieth century story]. BBC (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
The Dashnak leader Nzhdeh captured Zangezur, driving out the remnants of the Azerbaijani population from there and achieving, as one Armenian author euphemistically put it, 'rearmenization' of the region.
- ISBN 978-0814719459.
In Zangezur … Andranik swept through the region, burning Azerbaijani villages and expelling their inhabitants … Njdeh had taken possession of Zangezur, driving out the last of its Azerbaijani population and effecting … a 're-Armenianization' of the region
- ^ Gauin, Maxime (2017). "Understanding the Ideological Blockades in Armenia's Contemporary Politics". Caucasus International. 7 (1): 142–143. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
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- ^ Stanislav Tarasov. Joseph Orbeli's Mystery Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine: Part 7. 7 July 2014.
- ^ Volkova, Nataliya G. (1969). Caucasian Ethnographical Collection of Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Vol. IV. USSR, Institute of Ethnography named after M. Maklay, Academy of Sciences, USSR, Moscow: Nauka. p. 10. 2131 Т11272.
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Bibliography
- ISBN 978-5-8243-1435-9. Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2022.
- Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 57483924.
- Bournoutian, George A. (1980). "The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832". The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01805-2.
- Hovannisian, Richard G. (1982). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04186-0.
- Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; Hewsen, Robert H. (1998). "EREVAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5. pp. 542–551.
- Korkotyan, Zaven (1932). Խորհրդային Հայաստանի բնակչությունը վերջին հարյուրամյակում (1831-1931) [The population of Soviet Armenia in the last century (1831–1931)] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Pethrat. p. 184. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2022.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442241466.
External links
- Armenia and Azerbaijan: The Remaining by Zarema Valikhanova and Marianna Grigoryan
- "I Always Dream of Baku" by Alexei Manvelyan