BASF
crude oil and natural gas exploration and production | |
Revenue | €87.3 billion (2022)[1] |
---|---|
€6.55 billion (2022)[1] | |
€−627 million (2022)[1] | |
Total assets | €84.5 billion (2022)[1] |
Total equity | €40.9 billion (2022)[1] |
Number of employees | 111,481 (end 2022)[1] |
Subsidiaries | Wintershall, Nunhems, TrinamiX, Cognis, BTC Europe, Chemster, Siegfried PharmaChemikalien Minden, Verenium Corporation, Isobionics, Succinity, Pinturas Thermicas del Norte |
Website | basf |
BASF SE (German pronunciation:
BASF comprises subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 80 countries, operating six integrated production sites and 390 other production sites across Europe, Asia, Australia, the Americas and Africa.[5] BASF has customers in over 190 countries and supplies products to a wide variety of industries. Despite its size and global presence, BASF has received relatively little public attention since it abandoned the manufacture and sale of BASF-branded consumer electronics products in the 1990s.[6]
The company began as a dye manufacturer in 1865.
At the end of 2019, the company employed 117,628 people, with over 54,000 in Germany.
History
BASF is an acronym for Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (German for 'Baden Aniline and Soda Factory'). It was founded by Friedrich Engelhorn on 6 April 1865 in Mannheim, in the German-speaking state of Baden. Engelhorn had been responsible for setting up a gasworks and street lighting for the town council in 1861. The gasworks produced tar as a by-product from coal, and Engelhorn used this to extract aniline for the production of dyes. BASF was set up in 1865, to produce other chemicals necessary for dye production, notably soda and acids. The plant, however, was erected on the other side of the Rhine river at Ludwigshafen because the town council of Mannheim was afraid that the air pollution from the chemical plant could bother the inhabitants of the town. In 1866, the dye production processes were also moved to the BASF site.[12]
Aniline dyes (1869)
The discovery in 1857 by William Henry Perkin that aniline could be used to make intense colouring agents had led to the commercial production of synthetic dyes in England from aniline extracted from coal tar. BASF recruited Heinrich Caro, a German chemist with experience of the dyestuff industry in England, to be the first head of research.[13] Caro developed a synthesis for alizarin (a red dye used for dying textile fabrics) and applied for a British patent on 25 June 1869. Coincidentally, Perkin applied for a virtually identical patent on 26 June 1869, and the two companies came to a mutual commercial agreement about the process.[12]
Further patents were granted for the synthesis of methylene blue and eosin, and in 1880, research began to try to find a synthetic process for indigo dye, though this was not successfully brought to the market until 1897. In 1901, some 80% of the BASF production was dyestuffs.[12]
Solvay process soda (1880)
Knietsch sulfuric acid (1890)
Sulfuric acid was initially produced by the lead chamber process, but in 1890, a unit using the contact process was brought on stream, producing the acid at higher concentration (98% instead of 80%) and a lower cost. This development followed extensive research and development by Rudolf Knietsch, for which he received the Liebig Medal in 1904.[12]
Haber's ammonia (1913)
The development of the
IG Farben (1921)
In 1916, BASF started operations at a
In 1935, IG Farben and
World War II
After the appointment of
IG Farben made extensive use of forced labor during WWII consisting mostly of drafted "service-duty" Germans, foreign workers from German-occupied territories, and prisoners of war. By 1943, nearly one-half of all IG Farben workers were forced laborers housed in factory-camp facilities. This number did not include the 51,445 concentration camp laborers supplied by the Nazis. Spread out over 23 facilities, it is estimated that 31,500–33,500 of those concentration camp inmates were killed by authorities or died from starvation, exhaustion, or disease.[16][17]
The Ludwigshafen site was almost completely destroyed during the
Both the Ludwigshafen and Oppau plants were of strategic importance for the war because the German military needed many of their products (e.g., synthetic rubber and gasoline). As a result, they were major targets for air raids. During the war, Allied bombers attacked the plants a total of 65 times.
Bombing took place from the autumn of 1943 and saturation bombing inflicted extensive damage. Production virtually stopped by the end of 1944.
Due to a shortage of male workers during the war, women were
In July 1945, the American military administration confiscated all IG Farben assets. That same year, the Allied Commission decreed that IG Farben should be dissolved. The sites at Ludwigshafen and Oppau were controlled by French authorities.[citation needed]
BASF refounded (1952)
On 28 July 1948, an explosion occurred at a BASF site in
Post-WW2 20th century
In the 1960s, production abroad was expanded and plants were built in
In 1968, BASF (together with
BASF bought the Wyandotte Chemical Company, and its Geismar, Louisiana chemical plant in the early 1970s.[19] The plant produced plastics, herbicides, and antifreeze. BASF soon tried to operate union-free, having already reduced or eliminated union membership in several other US plants. Challenging the Geismar OCAW union resulted in a labor dispute that saw members locked out from 1984 to 1989, and eventually winning their case. A worker solidarity committee at BASF's headquarters plant in Ludwigshafen, Germany, took donations from German workers to support the American strikers and organized rallies and publicity in support. The dispute was the subject of an academic study.[20] The union also exposed major accidental releases of phosgene, toluene and other toxic gases, these being publicized in the local media and through a video, Out of Control.[19][21] A court threw out a $66,700 fine against BASF for five environmental violations as "too small".[19]
BASF's European coatings business was taken over by AkzoNobel in 1999.
21st century
BASF bought the
The acquisition of Johnson Polymer was completed on 1 July 2006. The purchase price was $470 million on a cash and debt-free basis. It provided BASF with a range of water-based resins that complements its portfolio of high solids and UV resins for the coatings and paints industry and strengthened the company's market presence, particularly in North America.
The acquisition of Degussa AG's construction chemicals business was completed in 2006. The purchase price for equity was about €2.2 billion. In addition, the transaction was associated with a debt of €500 million.
The company agreed to acquire Ciba (formerly part of Ciba-Geigy) in September 2008.[22] The proposed deal was reviewed by the European Commissioner for Competition. On 9 April 2009, the acquisition was officially completed.[23][24]
On 19 December 2008, BASF acquired U.S.-based Whitmire Micro-Gen together with U.K.-based Sorex Ltd.[25] Sorex is a manufacturer of branded chemical and non-chemical products for professional pest management. In March 2007 Sorex was put up for sale with a price tag of about £100 million.[26]
In December 2010, BASF completed the acquisition of Cognis.[27]
In May 2015, BASF agreed to sell parts of its pharmaceutical ingredients business to Swiss drug manufacturer Siegfried Holding for a fee of €270 million, including assumed debt.[28]
Since 2016, BASF has partnered with a subsidiary of Xinjiang Zhongtai Group, a company sanctioned under the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, to operate a plant in Korla.[29]
In October 2017, BASF announced it would buy seed and herbicide businesses from Bayer for €5.9 billion ($7 billion), as part of Bayer's acquisition of Monsanto.[30][31]
The company announced the start of a US$10 billion investment project in the south-western Chinese city of Zhanjiang, in November 2019. The project was approved in 2022.[32] This ″Verbund″ site is intended for the production of engineering plastics and TPU. The site would be the third-largest BASF site worldwide, following Ludwigshafen, Germany, and Antwerp, Belgium. The first plant started up in 2022, and the entire site is expected to be completed by 2030.[33][34][35]
In August 2019, BASF agreed to sell its global pigments business to Japanese fine chemical company DIC for €1.15 billion ($1.28 billion) on a cash and debt-free basis.[36]
In September 2019, BASF signed an agreement with DuPont Safety & Construction, a subsidiary business unit of DuPont, to sell its ultrafiltration membrane business, Inge GmbH.[37] According to BASF executives, Inge GmbH and its products fit better with DuPont and their business strategy.[37]
In February 2023, BASF announced that the company is planning to close one of its two ammonia factories at its site in Ludwigshafen, this comes as part of the companies plans to cut costs as the organisation has struggled with high energy costs. The result of the organisations plans will lead to increased production in China while resulting in the loss of 2,600 jobs.[38] The Zhanjiang plant extends over 400 hectares and serves mainly the electronic industry and the automotive industry.[39] In September 2023 BASF broke ground on its Zhanjiang syngas plant; the plant was due to be commissioned by 2025.[40] In November 2023 the firm closed a $5bn 15-year investment deal in China, with Chinese banks.[41]
As of April 2023, BASF had 30 production facilities in China. CEO Martin Brudermüller held that Chinese revenue is essential to grow his European business in the face of "Europe’s high energy costs and stringent environmental rules."[42]
Past activity
With the help of then German Chancellor
BASF expanded to Podolsk, Russia, in 2012, and to Kazan in 2013.[45]
Notable lawsuits
Dicamba lawsuit
On 27 January 2020, the first-ever lawsuit concerning Dicamba-related products began in Cape Girardeau, Missouri.[46][47] The lawsuit involves a peach farmer who alleged that Dicamba-based herbicides caused significant damage to his crops and trees.[48] It had also been filed in November 2016, when Dicamba was still owned by Monsanto.[49][50][51] On 14 February 2020, the jury involved in the lawsuit ruled against BASF its co-defendant Bayer, which had acquired Monsanto and its products, and found in favor of the peach grower, Bader Farms owner Bill Bader.[52] BASF and Bayer were also ordered to pay Bader $15 million in damages.[53] On 15 February 2020, Monsanto and BASF were ordered to pay an additional $250 million in punitive damages.[54][55]
Finances
For the fiscal year 2017, BASF reported earnings of €6.1 billion, with an annual revenue of €64.5 billion, an increase of 12% over the previous fiscal cycle.
Year | Revenue in bn. € |
Net income in bn. € |
Total assets in bn. € |
Employees |
---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 73.973 | 4.842 | 64.382 | 112,206 |
2014 | 74.326 | 5.155 | 71.359 | 113,292 |
2015 | 70.449 | 3.987 | 70.836 | 112,435 |
2016 | 57.550 | 4.056 | 76.496 | 113,830 |
2017 | 61.223 | 6.078 | 78.768 | 115,490 |
2018 | 62.675 | 4.707 | 86.556 | 122,404 |
2019 | 59.316 | 8.421 | 86.950 | 117,628 |
2020 | 59.149 | −1.060 | 80.292 | 110,302 |
2021 | 78.598 | 5.523 | 87.383 | 111,047 |
2022 | 87.327 | −0.627 | 84.472 | 111,481 |
Business segments and leadership
BASF operates in a variety of markets. As of 2020 its business is organized in the segments of Chemicals, Plastics, Performance Products, Functional Solutions, Agricultural Solutions, and Oil and Gas.[citation needed]
Chemicals
BASF produces a wide range of chemicals such as solvents, amines, resins, glues, electronic-grade chemicals, industrial gases, basic petrochemicals, and inorganic chemicals (such as Z-Cote). The most important customers for this segment are the pharmaceutical, construction, textile, and automotive industries.
Plastics
BASF's plastic products include high-performance materials in
Engineering Plastics
BASF's Engineering Plastics consists of the "4 Ultras" – Ultramid
Styrenics
BASF Styrenics consists of the Foams and Copolymers. BASF's
Polyurethanes
BASF's Polyurethanes business consists of diverse technologies and finished products. Urethane chemicals are raw materials used in rigid and flexible foams commonly used for insulation in the construction and appliance industries, furniture, packaging, and transportation.
Foams
Foams like Styropor are generally used as insulating materials. They are eco-efficient and offer advantages over other materials in terms of cost-effectiveness, preservation of resources and environmental protection. Investments made for insulating materials usually pay for themselves within a short time and contribute to retaining and even enhancing the value of buildings.
Polyamides and Intermediates
BASF manufactures polyamide precursors and polyamide.
Biodegradable plastics
BASF developed a biodegradable plastic with a high content of polylactic acid.[citation needed]
Performance products
BASF produces a range of performance chemicals,
Functional Solutions
BASF's Functional Solutions segment consists of the Catalysts, Construction Chemicals and Coatings divisions. These divisions develop customer-specific products, in particular for the automotive and construction industries.
Agricultural
BASF supplies agricultural products and chemicals including
Biotechnology
BASF was cooperating with
The
Other GM crops are Phytaseed Canola varieties with
Oil and gas
BASF explores for and produces oil and gas through its subsidiary Wintershall Dea.
Leadership
Each of the divisions of BASF has a President. They are governed by a Chairman and
- Friedrich Engelhorn
- Heinrich von Brunck
- Carl Bosch
- Carl Wurster
- Bernhard Timm
- Matthias Seefelder
- Jürgen Strube1990-2003
- Jürgen Hambrecht 2003-2011
- Kurt Bock 2011-2018
- Martin Brudermüller 2018-present
Investors
75% of the BASF shares are held by institutional investors (BlackRock more than 5%). 36% of the shares are held in Germany, 11% in the UK and 17% in the U.S.
Production
BASF's recent success is characterized by a focus on creating resource efficient product lines after completely abandoning consumer products. This strategy was reflected in production by a re-focus towards integrated production sites. The largest such integrated production site is located in Ludwigshafen employing 33,000 people.
Integrated production sites are characterized by co-location of many individual production lines (producing a specific chemical), which share an interconnected material flow. Piping is used ubiquitously for volume materials. All production lines use common raw material sourcing and feed back waste resources, which can be used elsewhere (e.g. steam of various temperatures, sulfuric acid, carbon monoxide). The economic incentive for this approach is high resource and energy efficiency of the overall process, reduced shipping cost and associated reduced risk of accidents. Due to the high cost of such an integrated production site, it establishes a high entry barrier for competitors trying to enter the market for volume chemicals.
BASF built a new chemical complex in
BASF SE has succeeded in developing a semi-crystalline polyamide that allows light to pass through largely unhindered, known as Ultramid.[75]
Environmental record
According to the 2022 "Top 100 Polluters Indexes" published by the
In 2006, BASF was included in the Climate Leadership Index for their efforts in relation to
The BASF Company and Columbia University formed a partnership to further research "environmentally benign and sustainable energy sources". The company has recently reported their emissions in 2006 to be "1.50 million metric tons of waste," which is a decrease from previous years. The amount of waste BASF produces has continued to fall.[78]
While BASF publishes its environmental information in the US and Europe, Greenpeace has expressed deep concerns at BASF's refusal to release environmental information on its operations in China.[79]
In May 2009, a BASF Plant in Hannibal, Missouri, United States, accidentally discharged chromium into the Mississippi River. The local Department of Natural Resources performed tests in December 2009 showing the chromium levels did not exceed regulatory safety limits.[80] BASF worked with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MoDNR) to resolve questions regarding the elevated level of hexavalent chromium that was detected in the effluent from one of its permitted outfalls into the Mississippi River. The state department of health reviewed the test results and determined that the amounts found were well below recommended public health screening levels.[81]
In 2013, BASF reported a spill of several hundred kilogrammes of the
Corporate Social Responsibility
BASF works on supporting water, sanitation, education and health programmes as part of its social responsibility commitments. [84] In a unique program technically supported by Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health, BASF implemented Project SAFE ( Safety and Farm Efficiency). [85]
See also
References
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Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-521-82726-3.
- Beer, John J. The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (1959).