Bade language
| Bade | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Yobe State, Jigawa State |
Native speakers | 360,000 (2020)[1] |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bde |
| Glottolog | bade1248 |
| ELP | |
Bade (also spelled Bede, Bedde, or Bode) is a
Classification
Bade is classified under the following categories: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper.[3]
History
While historical information about the Bade language is limited in scope, many words in the Bade language take root in the Kanuri language.[6] The Kanuri language is primarily spoken in West Africa, including: Nigeria and Chad. Bade and Ngizim have borrowed a number of words from the Kanuri language.[6] According to traditional accounts, the Bade language itself originates from the Badr of Yemen and Muhammad purportedly drove the Bade people out after a failure to pray.[6] Currently, as one of the many Nigerian endangered languages, bade serves as a local dialect. In general, Nigerian languages comprise the wealth of linguistic diversity that exists in the country.[7] Over the years, colonization has also played a role in the deteroriation of local languages, which Bade happens to be among, that for now, most of the Bade villages are becoming Hausa speaking villages.[8]
Geographic distribution
The speakers of the Bade language are centered in Nigeria. It is spoken in the northern part of Yobe State, Nigeria.[9]
Official status
The language is not the official language of Nigeria or any other country.
Dialects/varieties
There are three dialects of the Bade language that coincide with regions:[3]
- Gashua Bade (Mazgarwa)
- Southern Bade (Bade-Kado)
- Western Bade (Amshi, Maagwaram, Shirawa)
Phonology
Most West Chadic languages have a similar consonant inventory separated into eight major groups: labialized laryngeal, laryngeal, labialized velar, velar, lateral, alveopalatal, alveolar, and labial.
Grammar
The grammar for the Bade language is consistent with the Ngizim language.[10]
Morphology and syntax
The Bade/Ngizim languages slightly differ from other Chadic languages.[10] Bade and Ngizim have long vowels in closed syllables. Mid vowels also have a restricted use compared to other vowels. Mid vowels will rather appear as loanwords from other languages.[10] The language preserves diphthongs in both native and loanwords.
Vocabulary
The Bade language has strong influence from the Kanuri language. There are many loanwords from Kanuri to West Chadic languages, including Bade.[11] Bade is commonly grouped with the Ngizim language. As an example, the word "healthy" is "nga" in the Kanuri language and 'ngā' in the Ngizim language.[11] More recently, the Hausa language has influenced the Bade language.[12]
Fish names
Below are some fish names of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in Bade, along with their Hausa and Manga Kanuri equivalent names. Note that many of the species have not been observed recently, due to the drying up of the region.[13]
Scientific name English Bade Hausa Manga Present in 2003? fish (general) Vunakon kíífíí búnì kur cibil ? awgirin kanze amimiwal kúr̃úƙúllìì Hepsetus odoe African pikenjig duwaŋ kiribuni No Labeo coubie African carp No Synodontis spp. catfish ƙùrúngùù No Citharinus citharus, Citharinus latus lutefishkalafan báánàà palewal No Hemichromis bimaculatus, Hemichromis fasciatusjewelfishbakar Heterotis niloticusbonytongueufdakon, ebugancen bárgìì baya Yes Mormyrus macrophthalmus patima kururun burar buzu Labeo senegalensis African carp gadabdan búrdòò bәskәm No Marcusenius ihyuysi gulen dagari lamsa Yes Aplocheilichthysspp.killifish/panchax, toothed carp ak dakwan dankya, akunu Barbus spp. buk zәmәn digila, bakin burdo bәskәm, cilim only seen near Geidam Brycinus leuciscus African tetraswasan dindukuri mәɗi No Oreochromis aureus (formerly Tilapia aurea) tilapia kafakun duguru kawowo Yes Parachanna obscurasnakehead mudugun dúmnóó dumno No Clarias submarginatus catfish dundin Clarotes sp. ? ? dùrùdúrùù Labeo sp. African carp ɗán dáátàà Citharinus citharus, Citharinus latus lutefishfàlfàl fálfàl Sarotherodon galileus (formerly Tilapia galilaea) tilapia kafakun heta fárín wala holo Yes Protopterus annectenslungfish ambun gáìwáá ambu Yes Heterobranchus bidorsalis mәsan gara raka (?) ? Polypterus spp. bichir fish awiɗon gàrgázáá, garza bàràkádí No Lates niloticusNile perch kaɓәlin gííwár̃ rúwááɓáríyàà ɓariya No Mormyrus isidori ? hààlàɓà Clarias sp. catfish aalan jàríí ari Yes Brycinus macrolepidotus African tetras? kándáurákàà ? No Ichthyborus besse ? but cf. ‘otter’ kàren rúwáá Tilapia spp. tilapia ɗiɗikir kárfásáá Yes Distichodus spp. grasseater kaskasan káwsàà cihaki Tetraodon fahakapufferfishkuɗiɗin mәfkәtәn, məkfətən kómbání kube No Dasyatis garouaensisdotted ray wurjik duwan kunaman rúwáá Mormyrus rume trunkfishlámsàà Parailia pellucida kalapar lapar lapar Yes Schilbe spp. butter catfish ganun lûlúú mai kaya lulu Chrysichthys sp. mai barewa Tilapia zilii tilapia kafakun suk jijin mai gidan gaci karfasa shuri kawowo Yes Heterobranchus spp. ? mài leemu ? Malapterurus electricus electric catfish mjaŋ, njan mínjíryáá muu Yes Bagrus filamentosus silver catfish mumfal [?] Bagrus bayad, Bagrus docmak silver catfish masamanin múskòò mazambale Yes Marcusenius cyprinoides takɗo paya paya No Alestes baremoze African tetraszantarin saaron sááróó saraŋ No Tilapia nilotica)tilapia andalon sakiya kawowo Yes Mormyrus sp. sááwáyàà Siluranodon auritus? sháŋsháŋ (given as Synodontis sp. in other sources) ? Clarias sp. catfish mәsan tárwáɗáá bigiri Yes Marcusenius abadii kurinyin táátàr̃ lamsa Yes Campylomormyrus tamanduatәrwәn, sawayen tola, kánzáyíí tólà, sawaya Yes Hydrocynus vittatus tigerfish dlayad, dleyal, jik duwan tságíí jay No Brycinus nurse African tetraszharwon, saron ƙááwàráá deda No Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Chrysichthys auratus dumdumi, gajakan ƙàrááyáá ŋgaya Yes Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Auchenoglanis biscutatuscatfish kazhakat yàuníí ŋgaya Yes Gymnarchus niloticusmәzәman zááwàà kaaz No
Writing system
The Bade language uses a Latin script writing script.[3] The Latin script is the most widely used writing system in the world, serving as the system for the English language as well.[14]
| Ə | A |
B |
Ɓ | C
|
D |
Ɗ | E |
F |
G
|
H |
I |
J |
K |
L
|
M |
N |
Ŋ |
O |
P
|
R |
R̃ | S |
T |
U
|
V |
W |
Y |
ʼY | Z
|
| ə | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ɗ | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | p | r | r̃ | s | t | u | v | w | y | ʼy | z |
The letter R̃ is only used in the Gashua dialect.
References
- ^ Bade at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Blench, R (2007). "Endangered Languages".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e "Enthnologue Bade".
- S2CID 143898338.
- S2CID 142849572.
- ^ a b c Schuh, R.G. (2003). "The linguistic influence of Kanuri on Bade and Ngizim" (PDF). Maiduguri Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies: 55–89.
- S2CID 155020713.
- S2CID 49386578.
- ^ Schuh, Russell (2009). "Yobe Languages Research Project".
- ^ a b c d e Schuh, Russell (2002). "Overview of Bade/Ngizim of Phonology" (PDF).
- ^ a b Schuh, Russell (2002). "The Phonology and Morphology of Bade and Ngizim". Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
- ^ Schuh, Russell (1997). "Changes in Obstruent Voicing in Bade/Ngizim" (PDF).
- ^ Blench, Roger (2020). "Changing fisheries ecology in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands" (PDF).
- ^ "Latin".
- ^ Dagona & Schuh 2009, p. vii.
Sources
- Dagona, Bala Wakili; Schuh, Russell G (2009). Bade-English-Hausa dictionary : (western dialect). Ajami.
Further reading
- Schuh, Russell G. (1977). "Bade/Ngizim determiner system". Afroasiatic Linguistics. 4: 1–74. *Bade/Ngizim determiner system
External links
- UCLA resources on the Bade language Archived 2016-11-28 at archive.today
- Bade phonology and morphology
- Bade word list
- Bade-English-Hausa Dictionary Archived 2016-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
- OLAC resources in and about the Bade language
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