Igbo language
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2020) |
Igbo | |
---|---|
Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò | |
Pronunciation | |
Ethnicity | Igbo |
Native speakers | 31 million (2020)[1] |
? | |
Standard forms |
|
Dialects | Igbo Braille Akagụ Script |
Official status | |
Official language in | |
Recognised minority language in |
Equatorial Guinea[4] |
Regulated by | Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ig |
ISO 639-2 | ibo |
ISO 639-3 | ibo |
Glottolog | nucl1417 |
Linguasphere | 98-GAA-a |
Complete Map of Igboland based on historical sources. | |
People | Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò |
---|---|
Language | Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò |
Country | Àlà Ị̀gbò |
Igbo (English: /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh,[5] US also /ˈɪɡboʊ/ IG-boh;[6][7] Standard Igbo: Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò [ásʊ̀sʊ̀ ìɡ͡bò] ) is the principal native language cluster of the Igbo people, an ethnicity in the Southeastern part of Nigeria.
Igbo Languages are spoken by a total of 31 million people.
History
The first book to publish Igbo terms was History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brothers in the Caribbean (‹See Tfd›German: Geschichte der Mission der Evangelischen Brüder auf den Carabischen Inseln), published in 1777.[8] Shortly afterwards in 1789, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano was published in London, England, written by Olaudah Equiano, who was a former slave, featuring 79 Igbo words.[8] The narrative also illustrated various aspects of Igbo life in detail, based on Equiano's experiences in his hometown of Essaka.[9] Following the British Niger Expeditions of 1854 and 1857, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, published an Igbo primer coded by a young Igbo missionary named Simon Jonas, who travelled with him to Aboh in 1857.[10]
The language was standardized in church usage by the Union Igbo Bible (1913).[11]
Central Igbo, is based on the dialects of two members of the Ezinifite group of Igbo in Central Owerri Province between the towns of Owerri and Umuahia in Eastern Nigeria.[citation needed] From its proposal as a literary form in 1939 by Ida C. Ward, it was gradually accepted by missionaries, writers, and publishers across the region.[citation needed]
Standard Igbo aims to cross-pollinate Central Igbo with words from other Igbo dialects, with the adoption of
Chinua Achebe passionately denounced language standardization efforts, beginning with Union Igbo through to Central and finally Standard Igbo, in a 1999 lecture sponsored by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Owerri.[12][13]
Distribution
Igbo (and its dialects) is the dominant language in the following Nigerian states:[3]
- Abia State
- Anambra State
- Ebonyi State
- Enugu State
- Imo State
- Northern Delta State
- Rivers State
Vocabulary
Word classes
Lexical categories in Igbo include nouns, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, and a single preposition.[14] The meaning of na, the single preposition, is flexible and must be ascertained from the context. Examples from Emenanjo (2015) illustrate the range of meaning:
O
3sg
bì
live
n'Enugwū.
PREP-Enugwū
'He lives in Enugwū.'
O
3sg
bì
live
ebe
here
à
this
n'ogè
PREP-time
agha.
war
'He lived here during the time of the war.'
Ndị
people
Fàda
Catholic
kwènyèrè
believe
n'atọ̀
PREP-three
n'ime
PREP-inside
otù.
one
Igbo has an extremely limited number of
Verbs, by far the most prominent category in Igbo, host most of the language's morphology and appear to be the most basic category; many processes can derive new words from verbs, but few can derive verbs from words of other classes.[15]
Igbo pronouns do not index gender, and the same pronouns are used for male, female and inanimate beings. So the sentence, ọ maka can mean "he, she or it is beautiful".
Phonology
Vowels
Igbo is a
In many cases, the two (or sometimes three) tones commonly used in Igbo dictionaries fail to represent how words actually sound in the spoken language . This indicates that Igbo may have many more tones than previously recognised. For example, the imperative form of the word bia "come" has a different tone to that used in statement O bia "he came". That imperative tone is also used in the second syllable of abuo "two". Another distinct tone appears in the second syllable of asaa "seven" and another in the second syllable of aguu "hunger".
The language features
Adjacent vowels usually undergo
Tone
The Igbo language is tonal in nature. This means that the meaning of a word can be altered depending on the tone used when pronouncing it. Igbo has two main tones: high and low. The high tone is usually marked with an acute accent (´) and the low tone is marked with a grave accent (`).
For example, the word ⟨akwa⟩ can mean "cry, egg, cloth, sew" depending on the tone used. If pronounced with a high tone on the first and last syllable it means "cry". But if pronounced with a low tone on the first syllable and high on the last syllable, it means "egg”. If it is pronounced with low tone on both syllables, then it will mean “cloth” or “sew”.
Another example is the word "eze” which means "king” or “teeth". If pronounced with a high tone, it means "king". But if pronounced with a low tone, it means "teeth".
The use of tonal inflection in Igbo language is very important because it helps to differentiate between words that would otherwise sound the same. It can be challenging for English speakers to learn how to use the tones properly, but with practice, it can be mastered.
Consonants
Igbo does not have a contrast among voiced occlusives (between voiced stops and nasals): stops precede oral vowels, and nasals precede nasal vowels. Only a limited number of other consonants occur before nasal vowels, including /f, z, s/.
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post-
alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Labial– velar |
Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | ||||||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t
|
tʃ | k | kʷ | k͡p | ||
voiced | b~m | d
|
dʒ | ɡ~ŋ | ɡʷ~ŋʷ | ɡ͡b | |||
Sonorant | n
|
j~ɲ | w | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | |||||
voiced | z | ɣ | ɦ~ɦ̃ | ||||||
Rhotic | ɹ
|
In some dialects, such as Enu-Onitsha Igbo, the doubly articulated /ɡ͡b/ and /k͡p/ are realized as a voiced/devoiced labial–velar
To illustrate the effect of phonological analysis, the following inventory of a typical Central dialect is taken from Clark (1990). Nasality has been analyzed as a feature of consonants, rather than vowels, avoiding the problem of why so few consonants occur before nasal vowels; [CjV] has also been analyzed as /CʲV/.[20]
Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo-
palatal |
Velar | Labial– velar |
Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | lab. | |||||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | unaspirated | p | pʲ | t
|
tɕ | k | kʷ | ɠ̊͡ɓ̥ | |
aspirated
|
pʰ | pʲʰ | tʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | ||||
voiced | unaspirated | b | bʲ | d
|
dʑ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ɠ͡ɓ | ||
aspirated
|
bʱ | bʲʱ | dʱ | dʑʱ | ɡʱ | ɡʷʱ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | plain | f | s | ||||||
nasalized | f̃ | s̃ | ||||||||
voiced | plain | v | z | ɣ | ɣʷ | |||||
nasalized | ṽ | z̃ | ||||||||
Rhotic | plain | r
|
||||||||
nasalized | r̃ | |||||||||
Approximant | voiceless | j̊
|
w̥ | h | ||||||
voiceless nasalized | j̊̃
|
w̥̃
|
h̃ | |||||||
voiced | l
|
j | w |
Syllables are of the form (C)V (optional consonant, vowel) or N (a
Morphological typology
Igbo is an
Extensional suffixes, a term used in the Igbo literature, refer to morphology that has some but not all characteristics of derivation. The words created by these suffixes always belong to the same lexical category as the root from which they are created, and the suffixes' effects are principally semantic. On these grounds, Emenanjo (2015) asserts that the suffixes called extensional are bound lexical compounding elements; they cannot occur independently, though many are related to other free morphemes from which they may have originally been derived.[15]
In addition to affixation, Igbo exhibits both partial and full reduplication to form gerunds from verbs. The partial form copies on the initial consonant and inserts a high front vowel, while the full form copies the first consonant and vowel. Both types are then prefixed with o-. For example, -go 'buy' partially reduplicates to form ògigo 'buying,' and -bu 'carry' fully reduplicates to form òbubu 'carrying'. Some other noun and verb forms also exhibit reduplication, but because the reduplicated forms are semantically unpredictable, reduplication in their case is not synchronically productive, and they are better described as separate lexical items.[15]
Grammatical relations
Igbo does not mark overt case distinctions on nominal constituents and conveys grammatical relations only through
It has been proposed, with reservations, that some Igbo verbs display ergativity on some level, as in the following two examples:[15]
Nnukwu
big
mmīri
water
nà-ezò
AUX-fall
n'iro.
PREP-outside
'Heavy rain is falling outside.'
Ọ
it
nà-ezò
AUX-fall
nnukwu
big
mmīri
water
n'iro.
PREP-outside
'Heavy rain is falling outside.'
In (4), the verb has a single argument, nnukwu mmīri, which appears in subject position, and in the transitive sentence (5), that same argument appears in the object position, even though the two are semantically identical. On this basis, authors such as Emenanjuo (2015) have posited that this argument is an absolutive and that Igbo therefore contains some degree of ergativity.
However, others disagree, arguing that the relevant category is not alignment but underlying argument structure; under this hypothesis, (4) and (5) differ only in the application of a transformation and can be accounted for entirely by the
Relative clauses
Igbo relative clauses are externally headed and follow the head noun. They do not employ overt relative markers or resumptive pronouns, instead leaving a gap in the position of the relativized noun. Subjects and objects can be relativized. Examples include (relative clauses bracketed):[15]
Ọ
3sg
zụ̀-tà-rà
buy-SUFF-PRF
àkwa
egg
[mā-ra
[be.good-PRF
mmā].
goodness]
'She bought eggs that are good.'
Àkwa
egg
[ọ
[3sg
zụ̀-tà-rà]
buy-SUFF-PRF]
mà-rà
good-PRF
mmā.
goodness
'The eggs that she bought are good.'
Voice and valence
Igbo lacks the common valence-decreasing operation of
Ógù
Ogu
a-vó-ọ-la
PREF-be.open-SUFF-PRF
'Ogu has become disgraced.'
Íbè
Ibe
e-mé-vọ-ọ-la
PREF-make-be.open-SUFF-PRF
Ogù.
Ogu
'Ibe has disgraced Ogu.'
Àfe
clothes
isé
five
kò-ro
hang-PRF
n'ezí.
PREP-compound
'Five items of clothing are hanging in the compound.'
Ókwu
Okwu
kò-we-re
hang-INCH-PRF
afe
clothes
isé
five
n'ezi.
PREP-compound
'Okwu hung five items of clothing in the compound.'
Igbo also possess an applicative construction, which takes the suffix -rV, where V copies the previous vowel, and the applicative argument follows the verb directly. The applicative suffix is identical in form with the past tense suffix, with which it should not be confused.[14] For example:[21]
Íbè
Ibe
nye-re
give-PRF-APPL
m
1sg
Ógù
Ogu
ákwụkwọ.
book
'Ibe gave the book to Ogu for me.'
Verb serialization
Igbo permits verb serialization, which is used extensively to compensate for its paucity of prepositions. Among the meaning types commonly expressed in serial verb constructions are instruments, datives, accompaniment, purpose, and manner. (13) and (14) below illustrate instrumental and dative verb series, respectively:[15]
Ọ
3sg
nà-èji
AUX-PREF-use
mmà
knife
à-bacha
PREF-peel
jī.
yam
'He peels yams with a knife.'
Ọ
3sg
zụ̀-tà-rà
buy-SUFF-PRF
akwụkwọ
book
nye
give
m̄.
1sg
'He bought a book and gave it to me.'
Writing system
The Igbo people invented Nsibidi ideograms, which spread to their neighbors such as Ekoi people, and Ejegham people for basic written communication.[22] Nsibidi is an ancient system of graphic communication indigenous to peoples in southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon in the Cross River region. It is also used by neighboring Ekoi, Ejegham, Efik, and Ibibio peoples. They have been used since at least the 16th century, under the Aro Confederacy,[citation needed] but died out publicly[dubious – discuss] after they became popular amongst secret societies such as the Ekpe, who used them as a secret form of communication.[23] Nsibidi, however, is not a full writing system, because it cannot transcribe the Igbo language specifically. In 1960, a rural land owner and dibia named Nwagu Aneke developed a syllabary for the Umuleri dialect of Igbo, the script, named after him as the Nwagu Aneke script, was used to write hundreds of diary entries until Aneke's death in 1991. The Nwagu Aneke Project is working on translating Nwagu's commentary and diary.[24]
History of Igbo orthography
Before the existence of any official system of orthography for the Igbo language, travelers and writers documented Igbo sounds by utilizing the orthracyologies of their own languages in transcribing them, though they encountered difficulty representing particular sounds, such as implosives, labialized velars, syllabic nasals, and non-expanded vowels. In the 1850s, German philologist
- a b d e f g h i k l m n o p r s t u v w y z gb gh gw kp kw ṅ nw ny ọ s ds ts[25]
The Lepsius orthography was replaced by the Practical Orthography of African Languages (Africa Orthography) in 1929 by the colonial government in Nigeria. The new orthography, created by the
- a b c d e f g gb gh h i j k kp l m n ŋ ny o ɔ ɵ p r s t u w y z gw kw nw[25]
Ọnwụ
The current Ọnwụ alphabet, a compromise between the older
Letter | Pronunciation |
---|---|
A a | /a/ |
B b | /b/ |
Ch ch | /tʃ/ |
D d | /d/ |
E e | /e/ |
F f | /f/ |
G g | /ɡ/ |
Gb gb
|
/ɡ͡b~ɠ͡ɓ/ |
Gh gh | /ɣ/ |
Gw gw
|
/ɡʷ/ |
H h | /ɦ/ |
I i | /i/ |
Ị ị
|
/ɪ̙/ |
J j | /dʒ/ |
K k | /k/ |
Kp kp
|
/k͡p~ƙ͡ƥ/ |
Kw kw
|
/kʷ/ |
L l | /l/ |
M m | /m/ |
N n | /n/ |
Ṅ ṅ | /ŋ/ |
Nw nw
|
/ŋʷ/ |
Ny ny | /ɲ/ |
O o | /o/ |
Ọ ọ
|
/ɔ̙/ |
P p | /p/ |
R r | /ɹ/ |
S s | /s/ |
Sh sh | /ʃ/ |
T t | /t/ |
U u | /u/ |
Ụ ụ
|
/ʊ̙/ |
V v | /v/ |
W w | /w/ |
Y y | /j/ |
Z z | /z/ |
The graphemes ⟨gb⟩ and ⟨kp⟩ are described both as coarticulated /ɡ͡b/ and /k͡p/ and as implosives, so both values are included in the table.
⟨m⟩ and ⟨n⟩ each represent two phonemes: a nasal consonant and a syllabic nasal.
Tones are sometimes indicated in writing, and sometimes not. When tone is indicated, low tones are shown with a grave accent over the vowel, for example ⟨a⟩ → ⟨à⟩, and high tones with an acute accent over the vowel, for example ⟨a⟩ → ⟨á⟩.
Other orthographies
A variety of issues have made agreement on a standardized orthography for the Igbo language difficult. In 1976, the Igbo Standardization Committee criticized the official orthography in light of the difficulty notating diacritic marks using typewriters and computers; difficulty in accurately representing tone with tone-marking conventions, as they are subject to change in different environments; and the inability to capture various sounds particular to certain Igbo dialects. The Committee produced a modified version of the Ọnwụ orthography, called the New Standard Orthography, which substituted ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ü⟩ for ⟨ọ⟩ and ⟨ụ⟩, ⟨c⟩ for ⟨ch⟩, and ⟨ñ⟩ for ⟨ṅ⟩.[27] The New Standard Orthography has not been widely adopted, although it was used, for example, in the 1998 Igbo English Dictionary by Michael Echeruo.
More recent calls for reform have been based in part on the rogue use of alphabetic symbols, tonal notations, and spelling conventions that deviate from the standard orthography.[25]
There are also some modern movements to restore the use of and modernize nsibidi as a writing system,[28][29] which mostly focus on Igbo as it is the most populous language that used to use nsibidi.
Ndebe Script
In 2009, a Nigerian software engineer and artist named Lotanna Igwe-Odunze developed a native script named Ndebe script. It was further redesigned and relaunched in 2020 as a standalone writing system completely independent of Nsibidi.[30][31] The script gained notable attention after a write-up from Nigerian linguist Kola Tubosun on its "straightforward" and "logical" approach to indicating tonal and dialectal variety compared to Latin.[30][32]
Proverbs
Proverbs and idiomatic expressions (ilu and akpalaokwu in Igbo, respectively) are highly valued by the Igbo people and proficiency in the language means knowing how to intersperse speech with a good dose of proverbs. Chinua Achebe (in Things Fall Apart) describes proverbs as "the palm oil with which words are eaten". Proverbs are widely used in the traditional society to describe, in very few words, what could have otherwise required a thousand words. Proverbs may also become euphemistic means of making certain expressions in the Igbo society, thus the Igbo have come to typically rely on this as avenues of certain expressions.[33]
Usage in the diaspora
As a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade, the Igbo language was spread by enslaved Igbo people throughout slave colonies in the Americas. Examples can be found in Jamaican Patois: the pronoun /unu/, used for 'you (plural)', is taken from Igbo, Red eboe refers to a fair-skinned black person because of the reported account of a fair or yellowish skin tone among the Igbo.[34] Soso meaning only comes from Igbo.[35] See List of Jamaican Patois words of African origin for more examples.
The word Bim, a name for Barbados, was commonly used by enslaved
In Cuba, the Igbo language (along with the Efik language) continues to be used, albeit in a creolized form, in ceremonies of the Abakuá society, equivalent or derived from the Ekpe society in modern Nigeria.
In modern times, Igbo people in the diaspora are putting resources in place to make the study of the language accessible.
Present state
There are some discussions as to whether the Igbo language is in danger of extinction, advanced in part by a 2006 UNESCO report that predicted the Igbo language will become extinct within 50 years.[38] Professor of African and African Diaspora Literatures at University of Massachusetts, Chukwuma Azuonye, emphasizes indicators for the endangerment of the Igbo language based on criteria that includes the declining population of monolingual elderly speakers; reduced competence and performance among Igbo speakers, especially children; the deterioration of idioms, proverbs, and other rhetorical elements of the Igbo language that convey the cultural aesthetic; and code-switching, code-mixing, and language shift.[39]
External and internal factors have been proposed as causes for the decline of the Igbo language and its usage. Preference for the English language in post-colonial Nigeria has usurped the Igbo language's role and function in society,[39] as English is perceived by Igbo speakers as the language of status and opportunity.[39] This perception may be a contributor to the negative attitude towards the Igbo language by its speakers across the spectrum of socio-economic classes.[38] Igbo children's reduced competence and performance has been attributed in part to the lack of exposure in the home environment, which impacts intergenerational transmission of the language.[39] English is the official language in Nigeria and is utilized in government administration, educational institutions, and commerce. Aside from its role in numerous facets of daily life in Nigeria, globalization exerts pressure to utilize English as a universal standard language in support of economic and technological advancement.[38] A 2005 study by Igboanusi and Peter demonstrated the preferential attitude towards English over the Igbo language amongst Igbo people in the communication, entertainment, and media domains. English was preferred by Igbo speakers at 56.5% for oral communication, 91.5% for written communication, 55.5–59.5% in entertainment, and 73.5–83.5% for media.[40]
The effect of English on Igbo languages amongst bilingual Igbo speakers can be seen by the incorporation of English loanwords into Igbo and code-switching between the two languages. English loanwords, which are usually nouns, have been found to retain English semantics, but typically follow phonological and morphological structures of Igbo. Lexical items conform to the vowel harmony intrinsic to Igbo phonological structures. For example, loanwords with syllable-final consonants may be assimilated by the addition of a vowel after the consonant, and vowels are inserted in between consonant clusters, which have not been found to occur in Igbo.[41] This can be seen in the word sukulu, which is a loanword derived from the English word school that has followed the aforementioned pattern of modification when it was assimilated into the Igbo language.[42] Code-switching, which involves the insertion of longer English syntactic units into Igbo utterances, may consist of phrases or entire sentences, principally nouns and verbs, that may or may not follow Igbo syntactic patterns. Igbo affixes to English verbs determine tense and aspectual markers, such as the Igbo suffix -i affixed to the English word 'check', expressed as the word check-i.[41]
The standardized Igbo language is composed of fragmented features from numerous Igbo dialects and is not technically a spoken language, but it is used in communicational, educational, and academic contexts. This unification is perceived by Chukwuma Azuonye as undermining the survival of Igbo by erasing diversity between dialects.[39] Each individual dialect possesses unique untranslatable idioms and rhetorical devices that represent Igbo cultural nuances that can be lost as dialects disappear or deteriorate.[39] Newly coined terms may fail to conform to a dialect's lexical formation in assimilating loan words.[39]
Proverbs are an essential component of the Igbo language that convey cultural wisdom and contextual significance to linguistic expression. Everyday usage of Igbo proverbs has declined in recent generations of speakers, which threatens loss in intergenerational transmission.[43] A recent study of the Ogwashi dialect of Igbo demonstrated a steep decline in youth's knowledge and use of proverbs compared to elder speakers.[39] In this study, youths employed simplified or incomplete proverbial expressions, lacked a diverse proverbial repertoire, and were deficient in their understanding of proper contextual usages as compared to elders who demonstrated competence to enhance linguistic expression with a diverse vocabulary of proverbs.[39]
See also
- Delta Igbo
- Igbo mythology
- Igbo music
- Igbo-Ukwu
- List of Igbo people
- Ukwuani
Notes
- ^ a b c Igbo at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ISBN 3-8258-3917-6.
- ^ a b "Igbo Dialects and Igboid Languages". Okwu ID. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ a b "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - : Overview". UNHCR. 20 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
- ^ "Igbo". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
- ^ "Igbo". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ "Ibo". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-160-264-3.
- ISBN 1-4250-4524-3.
- ISBN 9789789495276.
- JSTOR 1581603. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ Achebe, Chinua (1999). Tomorrow is Uncertain: Today is Soon Enough (Speech). Columbia University. Translated by Pritchett, Frances W. Owerri, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 25 December 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ Pritchett, Frances W. "A History of the Igbo Language". Columbia University. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ a b Green, M. M.; Igwe, G. E. (1963). A Descriptive Grammar of Igbo. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: Institut für Orientforschung.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Emenanjo, Nolue (2015). A Grammar of Contemporary Igbo: Constituents, Features and Processes. Oxford: M and J Grand Orbit Communications.
- ^ Emenanjo, Nolue (1978). Elements of Modern Igbo Grammar - a descriptive approach. Ibadan, Nigeria: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Payne, JR (1990). "Language Universals and Language Types". In Collinge (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Language.
- ^ Goldsmith, John A. (June 1976). Autosegmental Phonology (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2005.
- ISBN 0520022106.
- ISBN 9783110130416.
- ^ a b Nwachukwu, P. Akujuoobi (September 1987). "The Argument Structure of Igbo Verbs" (PDF). Lexicon Project Working Papers. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2023.
- JSTOR 2843292.
- ISBN 978-160-264-3.
- ^ Azuonye, Chukwuma (1992). "The Nwagu Aneke Igbo Script: Its Origins, Features and Potentials as a Medium of Alternative Literacy in African Languages". Africana Studies Faculty Publication Series (13). University of Massachusetts Boston.
- ^ S2CID 144568449– via Hollis.
- ISBN 0781806615.
- S2CID 145580712.
- ^ "Nsibidi". blog.nsibiri.org.
- ^ "Update on the Ndebe Igbo Writing System". Sugabelly. 5 January 2013.
- ^ a b Tubosun, Kola (13 July 2020). "Writing Africa's Future in New Characters". Popula.
- ^ "Nigerian Woman, Lotanna Igwe-Odunze, Invents New Writing System For Igbo Language". Sahara Reporters. 5 July 2020.
- ^ Elusoji, Solomon (3 October 2020). "The Igbo Language Gets Its Own Modern Script, But Will It Matter?". Channels Television. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- .
- ISBN 976-640-127-6. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
- ISBN 0-520-21999-6. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
- ISBN 976-640-145-4. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-333-92068-8.
- ^ a b c Asonye, Emma (2013). "UNESCO Prediction of the Igbo Language Death: Facts and Fables" (PDF). Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. 16 (1 & 2): 91–98.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Azuonye, Chukwuma (2002). "Igbo as an Endangered Language". Africana Studies Faculty Publication Series. 17: 41–68.
- S2CID 145225091.
- ^ .
- JSTOR 30027647.
- S2CID 158553159.
References
- Awde, Nicholas; Wambu, Onyekachi (1999). Igbo: Igbo–English / English–Igbo Dictionary and Phrasebook. New York: Hippocrene Books.
- Emenanjo, 'Nolue (1976). Elements of Modern Igbo Grammar. Ibadan: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-154-078-8.
- Emenanjo, Nolue (2015). A Grammar of Contemporary Igbo: Constituents, Features and Processes. Oxford: M and J Grand Orbit Communications.
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