Bahdinan
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Bahdinan
It was centered in the town of Amadiya (or Amêdî) in the present-day Duhok governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Geographical extent
Bahdinan generally consisted of the region north and northeast of the Mosul plain. Its capital was the town of Amadiya (Amêdî), and it also included Akre, Shush, and Duhok, along with the Zebari lands along the Great Zab river.. The principality of Bahdinan sometimes also extended to include Zakho in the west. To the north, Bahdinan bordered the principalities of Bohtan and Hakkâri, and to the south it bordered the principality of Soran.[3]: 920
The name "Bahdinan" is still applied to the region inhabited by the Barwari, Doski, Gulli, Muzuri, Raykani, Silayvani, Sindi, and Zebari tribes.[3]: 920
According to Evliya Celebi the principality was divided into the following districts: Aqra, Zakho, Shikhoyi, Duhok, Zibari, and Muzuri.[4]
The districts were autonomous units under their own rulers who were appointed by the Khan of Amadiya. In addition to this, there were tribal chieftains with formalized positions (for example, the chiefs of the Sindi and Silvane tribes needed confirmation from the ruler of Zakho).[4]
History
The Bahdinan principality originated during the late Abbasid period, sometime around 1200. The
The principality seems to have reached its peak during the reign of Bahrām Pasha, who ruled from 1726 to 1767. Bahrām was succeeded by his son Ismā'īl Pasha (r. 1767–1797), whose reign involved conflict with his brothers (who were variously based at Zakho and Akre). Ismā'īl's son Murād Khān was deposed by his cousin Qubād with the assistance of the Baban pasha of Sulaymaniyah; Qubād was overthrown by members of the Muzuri tribe in 1804 (just like his earlier namesake). He was replaced by 'Ādil Pasha, whose position was affirmed by the Jalili pasha of Mosul; he died in 1808 and was succeeded by his brother Zubayr.[3]: 920 In 1833, Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz captured Akre and Amadiya, overthrew Sā'īd Pasha of Bahdinan, and went on to capture Zakho. The Bahdinan principality never fully recovered, and it was annexed into the Ottoman Sanjak of Mosul in 1838.[3]: 920
Threatened by the expansionist and centralizing efforts of the Ottoman and Safavid empires, Bahdinan princes were drawn into prolonged confrontations with these two rival powers. The Bahdinan rulers, Esmail Pasha and Mohammad Said Pasha [citation needed] were deposed by the emir of the neighboring Soran principality in 1831.[2] However, their rule was restored after the Ottomans defeated Soran in 1836.[citation needed]
The most famous ancient library in the region, in the Qubehan school at Amadiya, was destroyed by British troops putting down a revolt in the region in 1919, although some 400 manuscripts were rescued and eventually found their way into the Iraq Museum's collection.[5]
References
- ISBN 978-1-4773-0913-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4, retrieved December 15, 2021
- ^ OCLC 495469456.
- ^ a b Bruinessen, Martin van (January 2000). "Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, as reflected in Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatname". The Journal of Kurdish Studies 3 (2000), 1-11.
- ^ Faraj, S.S. Libraries and Librarianship in Iraqi Kurdistan. In: Libraries in the Early 21st Century: An International Perspective, edited by R.N. Sharma, vol.2, 297-311. 2012. Berlin: de Gruyter Saur.
- Bahdinan, Encyclopædia Iranica, p. 485, By Amir Hassanpour.
- Bahdīnān [permanent dead link], The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Academic Publishers.
See also
- Bahdini