Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)
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Mamluk dynasty of Iraq مماليك العراق Mamālīk al-ʻIrāq | |||||||||
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1704–1831 | |||||||||
Hassan Pasha | |||||||||
• (1816–1831) | Dawud Pasha | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Dynasty formed | 1704 | ||||||||
• Ottoman reconquest | 1831 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Iraq |
The Mamluk dynasty of Mesopotamia (
In the
The Mamluk ruling elite, composed principally of
Background
Even before the rise of the Mamluks, Iraq was never fully integrated into the Ottoman administrative system. The Mosul province was placed under the timar system where taxes were farmed out to cavalry officers. Baghdad and Basra were placed the salyane system where taxation was farmed out to the governors. Constant war with Iran weakened Ottoman control further. By the 1700s this problem was becoming worse.[7]
The early 18th century was a time of important changes both in
As in the previous two centuries, Iraq continued to be a battleground between the rival
Dynasty of Hasan Pasha
History of Iraq |
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Iraq portal |
The Mamluks ruled the
- Hassan Pasha (1704–1723)
- Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747) son of Hassan
- Sulayman Abu Layla (1749–1762) son-in-law of Ahmad
- Omar Pasha (1762–1776) son of Ahmad
- Abdullah Pasha (1776-1777)
- Sulayman the Great (1780–1802) son of Omar
- Ali Al-Kahiya (1802–1807) son of Omar
- Sulayman the Little (1807–1810) son of Sulayman Great
- Said Pasha (1813–1816) son of Sulayman Great
- Dawud Pasha (1816–1831)
Hassan Pasha (1704–1723)
In Baghdad, Hassan Pasha (
Ahmad Pasha (1723–1747)
Hassan's son and successor, Ahmad (
By the time Ahmad Pasha died in 1747, his Mamluks had been organized into a powerful, self-perpetuating elite corps of some 2,000 men ("Georgian Guard"). On Ahmad's death, the sultan attempted to prevent these Mamluks from assuming power and sent an outsider as his wali in Baghdad. However, Ahmad's son-in-law Sulayman Abu Layla, already in charge of Basra, marched on Baghdad in the head of his Georgian guard and ousted the Ottoman administrator, thereby inaugurating 84 years of the Mamluk rule in Iraq.[10]
Sulayman Abu Layla (1749–1762)
By 1750, Sulayman Abu Layla had established himself as an undisputed master at Baghdad and had been recognized by the Porte as the first Mamluk Pasha of Iraq. The newly established regime embarked on a campaign to gain more autonomy from the Ottoman government and to curb the resistance of the
Omar Pasha (1762–1776)
The successes of Mamluk regime, however, still depended on their ability to cooperate with their Ottoman suzerains and religious elite within Iraq. The Porte sometimes employed force to depose the recalcitrant pashas of Baghdad, but the Mamluks were able to retain their hold of the pashalik, and even enlarged their domains. They failed, however, to secure a regular system of succession and the gradual formation of rival Mamluk households resulted in factionalism and frequent power struggles. Another major menace to the Mamluk rule came from Iran whose resurgent ruler,
Sulayman the Great (1780–1802)
In 1779, Sulayman the Great (
Ali Al-kahiya (1802–1807)
The aftermath of Sulayman the Great's death in 1802 was a power struggle between Ali Pasha the Kaymakam, Ahmad Agha leader of the Janissaries, and Selim agha, which was won by Ali Al-kahiya (Georgian: ალი ფაშა), who started a campaign to discipline Kurdish tribes who paid a tribute through their animals, then put down a rebellion by the Yazidis in Sinjar, then rode to Tal Afar and arrested Muhammad beg al Shawi and his brother and executed them both, due to animosity towards them, then he returned to Baghdad to quell disorder there.
Ali Al-kahiya repelled the Wahhabi raids against Najaf and Hillah in 1803 and 1806 but failed to challenge their domination of the desert.
Ali Al-kahiya was assassinated in 1807 by Madar beg al Abadhi and his followers due to personal grudges against him, while Ali was praying, by stabbing, They initially escaped but were apprehended and killed with their bodies sent to Baghdad.[13]
Sulayman the Little (1807–1810)
After Ali's assassination in 1807, his nephew Sulayman the Little took over the government. Inclined to curtail provincial autonomies, Sultan Mahmud II (1808–39) made his first attempt to oust the Mamluks from Baghdad in 1810. Ottoman troops deposed and killed Sulayman, but again failed to maintain control of the country. After yet another bitter internecine feud in 1816, Sulayman's energetic son-in-law Dawud Pasha ousted his rival Said Pasha (Georgian: საიდ ფაშა; 1813–16) and took control of Baghdad. The Ottoman government reluctantly recognized his authority.[10]
Dawud Pasha (1816–1831)
Dawud Pasha (Georgian: დაუდ ფაშა) was the last of the Mamluk rulers of Iraq. Dawud Pasha initiated important modernization programs that included clearing canals, establishing industries, reforming the army with the help of European instructors, and founding a printing press. He maintained elaborate pomp and circumstance at his court. Besides the usual troubles with the Arab tribes and internal dissensions with sheikhs, he was involved in more serious fighting with the Kurds and the conflict with Iran over the influence in the Kurdish principality of Baban. The conflict culminated in the Iranian invasion of Iraq and the occupation of Sulaymaniyah in 1818. Later, Dawud Pasha capitalized on the destruction of Janissaries at Constantinople in 1826, and eliminated the Janissaries as an independent local force.[10][12]
Meanwhile, the existence of the autonomous regime in Iraq, a long-time source of anxiety at Constantinople, became even more threatening to the Porte when
The new Ottoman governor, Ali Ridha Pasha, was forced to come to terms with the still-pervasive Mamluk presence in Baghdad even after the last Mamluk ruler had been deposed.[6] He later married the daughter of former Mamluk governor Sulayman the Little (1807–1810).[6]
See also
- List of Ottoman governors of Baghdad
- Jalili dynasty, rulers of the pashalik of Mosul in this period.
- Naji Shawkat, Prime Minister of Iraq from 1932 to 1933, who was the scion of one of the Georgian Mamluk clans.[14]
- History of Baghdad 1831-1917
References
- ^ Nieuwenhuis, Tom (1981). Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamlūk Pashas, Tribal Shayks, and Local Rule Between 1802 and 1831. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. p. 31. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq, Tareq Y. Ismael, I. 1.
- ^ A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, Andrew James McGregor, p57
- ISBN 9780582418998.
- S2CID 62834455.
- ^ ISBN 9781438402376.
- ISBN 1134294956.
- ISBN 0-521-89296-1.
- ^ Coke, Richard (1927). Baghdad, The City of Peace. Taylor & Francis. pp. 232–233.
- ^ ISBN 90-04-02104-3.
- ^ a b "Iraq". (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ^ a b c "Iraq". (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- ISBN 978-9953-18-540-8.
- ISBN 0-8108-4330-7.
Further reading
- Nieuwenhuis, Tom (1982), Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule between 1802 and 1831. Springer, ISBN 90-247-2576-3.