Banksia lemanniana
Banksia lemanniana | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Proteales |
Family: | Proteaceae |
Genus: | Banksia |
Subgenus: | Banksia subg. Banksia |
Section: | Banksia sect. Banksia |
Series: | Banksia ser. Tetragonae |
Species: | B. lemanniana
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Binomial name | |
Banksia lemanniana | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Sirmuellera lemanniana ( |
Banksia lemanniana, the yellow lantern banksia or Lemann's banksia, is a
Described by Swiss botanist
Description
Banksia lemanniana grows as an open shrub or, less commonly, a small tree to 5 m (16 ft) in height, with a spreading
Flowering typically occurs between October and January. Unlike those of most other banksias, the cylindrical inflorescences hang down from branchlets and measure 5–11 cm (2–4 in) in length and 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) in diameter. They are green-yellow in colour and smell of honey, dripping large amounts of nectar. The buds are a rich chocolate brown in colour until the yellow flowers push through. The inflorescences turn grey as they age, and the old flowers remain as up to 20 large woody follicles develop. Oval in shape, wrinkled in texture and covered with fine hair, they can reach 4.5 cm (1.8 in) long, 3 cm (1.2 in) high, and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide.[5]
The obovate seed is 4–4.7 cm (1.6–1.9 in) long and fairly flattened, and is composed of the wedge-shaped seed body proper, measuring 1.2–1.5 cm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 1–1.3 cm (0.4–0.5 in) wide, and a papery wing. One side, termed the outer surface, is dark brown and wrinkled, while the other is black and smooth. Both surfaces sparkle slightly. The seeds are separated by a sturdy dark brown seed separator that is roughly the same shape as the seeds with a depression where the seed body sits adjacent to it in the follicle. Seedlings have cuneate (wedge-shaped) cotyledons which measure 1.2–1.5 cm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 1.5–1.8 cm (0.6–0.7 in) wide. These are dull green, sometimes with a reddish tinge, and the margin of the wedge may be crenulated (lined with small teeth). The hypocotyl is red and measures 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) high and 0.25–0.3 cm (0.098–0.118 in) wide.[2]
Taxonomy
The first known botanical collection of B. lemanniana was made by
The name Banksia lemanniana first appeared in print in 1852, being included in "A List of the Proteaceae Collected in South-Western Australia by Mr James Drummond", written by Carl Meissner and published in
Meissner placed B. lemanniana in
In his 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae), Alex George placed B. lemanniana in B. subg. Banksia because its inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike; in B. sect. Banksia because of its straight styles. He made it the type species of B. ser. Tetragonae, the members of which are defined by their pendulous inflorescences and tetragonal limbs. He considered it closely related to B. aculeata and B. caleyi, which are smaller, more compact, shrubs with red- or pink-tinged inflorescences.[2]
In 1996,
B. lemanniana's placement in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:[16]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)
- B. elegans (incertae sedis)
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. ser. Tetragonae
- B. elderiana
- B. lemanniana
- B. caleyi
- B. aculeata
- B. ser. Tetragonae
The arrangement of Thiele and Ladiges was not accepted by George, and was discarded in his 1999 revision. Under George's 1999 arrangement, B. aculeata's placement was as follows:[5]
- Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. ser. Salicinae (11 species, 7 subspecies)
- B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
- B. ser. Banksia (8 species)
- B. ser. Crocinae (4 species)
- B. ser. Prostratae (6 species, 3 varieties)
- B. ser. Cyrtostylis (13 species)
- B. ser. Tetragonae
- B. lemanniana
- B. caleyi
- B. aculeata
- B. sect. Banksia
- B. subg. Banksia
Since 1998,
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg. Banksia. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. lemanniana is placed in B. subg. Banksia.[20]
Distribution and habitat
Banksia lemanniana is found near the southern coast of Western Australia, most of its population protected within Fitzgerald River National Park. Outside the park, it reaches the Ravensthorpe Range to the northeast and the
Ecology
A variety of pollinators have been recorded visiting the flower spikes, including New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), native and European honey bees, wasps and ants.[4] The flower spikes drip nectar onto the ground or lower leaves, suggesting pollination by nonflying mammals, which are attracted to the scent. Being upside down may facilitate this process.[22]
Banksia lemanniana is killed by bushfire and regenerates from seed. It is unclear how quickly seedlings take to reach flowering in the wild, but cultivated records suggest around five or six years.[4] If fire occurs too frequently, plants are burned before reaching maturity or before they have produced sufficient seed to ensure regeneration of the population. This may cause a population decline or even local extinction. Too long a time between fires also causes population decline, as more plants die of natural attrition without releasing their seed, resulting in seed wastage.[23]
Banksia lemanniana has been shown to have a low to moderate susceptibility to dieback from the soil-borne
Cultivation
One of the easier Western species to grow, Banksia lemanniana has some horticultural potential in its attractive chocolate buds, green-yellow hanging flower spikes and large grey spikes with prominent follicles. It generally grows quite quickly, but nevertheless takes five to six years to flower from seed. It prefers a more
References
- ^ a b "Banksia lemanniana". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ ISSN 0085-4417.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-876473-68-6.
- ^ ISBN 0-644-07124-9. pp. 142–43.
- ^ ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- ^ Erickson, Rica (1969). The Drummonds of Hawthornden. Osborne Park, Western Australia: Lamb Paterson. pp. 112–18.
- ^ Barker, Robyn (1996). "James Drummond's newspaper accounts of his collecting activities, in particular his 4th Collection and Hakea victoria (Proteaceae)" (PDF). Nuytsia. 11 (1): 1–9 [8].
- ^ Meissner, Carl (1852). "A list of the Proteaceae collected in south-western Australia by Mr. James Drummond". Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. 4: 210.
- ^ de Candolle, A. P.(ed.). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 14. Paris, France: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. p. 462.
- ISBN 0-86417-818-2.
- ^ Nikulinsky, Philippa (2012). "Yellow Lantern Banksia". Philippa Nikulinsky Gallery. Self-published. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Bentham, George (1870). . Flora Australiensis: Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London, United Kingdom: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–62 – via Wikisource.
- ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Arthur Felix. pp. 581–582.
- JSTOR 4107078.
- JSTOR 4111642.
- ^ .
- doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- PMID 21665734.
- doi:10.1071/SB04015.
- doi:10.1071/SB06016.
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- JSTOR 2398921.
- ISBN 0-949324-66-3.
- .
- .
- ISBN 0-643-09298-6.
External links
- Works related to Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/28. Banksia#Banksia Lemanniana at Wikisource