Batal Hajji Belkhoroev
Kunta-Haji | |
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Disciples
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Batal Hajji Belkhoroev
At early age both of his parents died, after which, he moved to
Background
Batal Hajji was born in 1824 in Ingushetia, either in Surkhakhi or in Somyokh.[a] He was an ethnic Ingush[16][12] of the Belkharoi clan (teip).[17][10] The Belkharoi, according to a legend, trace their lineage to a legendary figure called Borga.[18][e] Batal Hajji's father was Anarbek, while his mother was named Rayzet (Zabiya).[20]
At the age of seven, Batal's mother died and soon his father died as well. He was taken under the care of his mother's relatives, who at that time lived in Chechnya. During his 10 years of living there, he met
Return to Ingushetia and Hajj
At the time of Batal Hajji's return to
In 1859, Batal Hajj completed a three-year
The wird
Foundation
Batal Hajji founded the
Characteristics
The distinct features of the members of the wird of Batal Hajji were the cut beard and usage of long daggers (
The wird of Batal Hajji has some differences in
Intermarriages within the wird are encouraged.
Batal Hajji's Teachings
Batal Hajji loved Quran and he taught people to read it. He also noted that "faith makes people right and pure in earthly and future life, and knowledge elevates a person".[34] Batal Hajji actively fought Ingush paganism which had remained alive in some traditions.[7]
Later years
In 1892, Batal Hajji was arrested "for harmful religious propaganda" and sent to exile in Kozelsk, but by the amnesty in honor of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, he was allowed to return to Ingushetia in 1896.[24] John F. Baddeley met with Batal Hajji on 8 October 1901.[15] According to him, Batal was the successor of Kunta-Haji[29][f] and he described him as follows: "He as was an old man, rather stout, with a good face and a very courteous manner."[15]
Death
In 1911, Tsarist authorities of Russian Empire were fearing of an uprising under the influence of calls from clerics. Prominent religious figures, among which was Batal Hajji, were accused of harboring the Chechen outlaw Zelimkhan and exiled.[35] The accused religious figures included the Chechen sheikhs (Bammat Girey Hajji, Suhayp Mulla, Dokku Sheikh, Mulla Mahoma, Kana Hajji, Chimmirza), as well as the future emir of North Caucasian Emirate, Avar Sheikh Uzun-Hajji .[36] Batal Hajji was exiled to Kozelsk, Kaluga Governorate, where in 1914, he died.[37]
Because of Pavel Gaidukov's request, permission was granted to transport Batal Hajji's body back to Ingushetia on a special wagon. He was buried on October 25, 1914, in Surkhakhi, where his Ziyarat is located today. The funeral was accompanied by a loud dhikr of the Kunta and Batal Hajjis for many hours. The funeral was attended by residents from all over the North Caucasus. After Batal Hajji's death, his eldest son Magomed succeeded him in becoming the head of the wird.[38]
Family
Batal Hajji had a wife, who according to John F. Baddeley, has been respected more than any other Ingush women. She had already died by the time Baddeley had met Batal Hajji in 1901.
The grandsons of Batal Hajji were also kept under surveillance by the Soviet Regime, and some of them, like Jabra'il, Ahmet, Mustafa, Maksharip, Huseyn and Sultan, died in exchanges of gunfire between the Soviet police (
Legacy
Today, Batal Hajji's wird is a large Sufi suborder, the most exclusive and cohesive in the Caucasus region out of all the other Sufi wirds, playing an important role in the socio-economic and political life of Ingushetia.
Notes
- ^ a b c According to most sources, he was born in Surkhakhi.[1][2][3][4] According to other sources, he was born in Somoykh, a place near modern day Nesterovskaya in Ingushetia.[5][6]
- Arabic: الأربعاء, i. e. Wednesday night up to Thursday) to 25 Dhu al-Qadah 1332 (also on 'al-Arb'ia'); per Gregorian calendar he lived from July 21–22, 1824 to October 14, 1914 (on Wednesday night up to Thursday, i. e. 'al-Arb'ia'). His burial date is determined by Hajjimurad Belkharoev, as per Georgian calendar, as October 25, 1914 (on Sunday).[6]
- ^ The wirds are also referred as 'brotherhoods' (Russian: pl. браства, sg. браство, romanized: bratsva, bratsvo;[14] Ingush: pl. вошалаш sg. вошал, romanized: voshalash, voshal[15]).
- ^ The legend was recorded in 1975 by Akhmed Malsagov from the words of a resident of the village of Alkhasty , Lors Fargiev (born in 1877).[19]
- ^ The fact that some sources indicate Batal Hajji as the successor of Kunta-Haji was noted by Julietta Meskhidze.[2]
References
- ^ Akhmadov & Khasmagomadov 2005, p. 307.
- ^ a b c d e f g Meskhidze 2006b, p. 182.
- ^ Tsaroieva 2011, p. 358.
- ^ a b c d Zelkina 2010.
- ^ Albogachieva 2017, p. 75 (whilst referring to (Albogachiev 2010, p. 39))
- ^ a b c Belkharoev 2022, p. 18.
- ^ a b Dettmering 2014, p. 364.
- ^ Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, p. 54.
- ^ Gammer 2006, p. 109, 121, 244.
- ^ a b c Askerov 2015, p. 64.
- ^ Belkharoev 2022, p. 17 (note 1).
- ^ a b c Meskhidze 1999, p. 15.
- ^ Albogachieva 2019, p. 236.
- ^ a b Albogachieva 2019, p. 235.
- ^ a b c d Meskhidze 2006b, p. 183.
- ^ Meskhidze 1998, p. 107.
- ^ Gammer 2006, p. 109.
- ^ Malsagov & Dakhkilgov 1986, p. 385.
- ^ Malsagov & Dakhkilgov 1986, p. 511.
- ^ Albogachieva 2012, p. 118.
- ^ Albogachieva 2017, p. 75.
- ^ Khayretdinov 2009, p. 164.
- ^ Albogachieva 2017, pp. 75–76.
- ^ a b Kaziev 2018, p. 90.
- ^ Borusevich 1893, p. 139.
- ^ a b Youngblood 2003, p. 45.
- ^ Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Meskhidze 2006b, pp. 182–183.
- ^ a b c Baddeley 1940, p. 264.
- ^ a b c Meskhidze 2006b, p. 188.
- ^ a b c d e Albogachieva 2012, p. 121.
- ^ Albogachieva 2013, p. 271.
- ^ a b c d Meskhidze 2006b, p. 189.
- ^ Albogachieva 2012, p. 119.
- ^ Daudov & Meskhidze 2009, p. 28.
- ^ Meskhidze 2006b, p. 184.
- ^ Albogachieva 2017, p. 77.
- ^ Albogachieva 2012, p. 120.
- ^ Meskhidze 2006b, p. 186.
- ^ a b c d Meskhidze 2006a, p. 57.
- ^ Meskhidze 2006b, p. 187.
- ^ Albogachieva 2012, p. 11–12.
- ^ Meskhidze 1999, p. 16.
Sources
English sources
- Askerov, Ali (22 April 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict. ISBN 9781442249257– via Google Books.
- Baddeley, John F. (1940). The Rugged Flanks of Caucasus. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford. pp. 1–318.
- ISBN 9780520055766.
- Dettmering, Christian (10 January 2014). "No Love Affair: Ingush and Chechen Imperial Ethnographies". In Cvetkovski, Roland; Hofmeister, Alexis (eds.). An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR. ISBN 9789633862421.
- Gammer, Moshe (2006). Harris, J. (ed.). The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Russian Defiance of Russian Rule. Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 0-8229-5898-8.
- Meskhidze, Juliette (March–June 2006). "Shaykh Batal Hajji from Surkhokhi: towards the history of Islam in Ingushetia" (PDF). S2CID 143571210.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - Youngblood, D. J. (2003). "Battal Hajji Brotherhood". In Adams, B. F. (ed.). The Supplement to The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History. Vol. 4: Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic – Bugaev, Boris Nikolaevich. Columbia, Missouri: Academic International Press. pp. 45–46. OCLC 33150272.
- Zelkina, Anna (2010-07-14). "Batal Hajji Belkhoroev". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). ISSN 1873-9830.
Russian sources
- Albogachiev, R.-Kh. Sh.-Kh. (2010). Шейх Овлия Батал-хаджи Белхороев [Sheikh Ovliya Batal-haji Belkhoroev] (in Russian). Nalchik.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Albogachieva, Makka (2012). "О некоторых особенностях братства Батал-Хаджи Белхороева" [On some features of the wird brotherhood established by Batal-Hajji Belkhoroev]. Pax Islamica (in Russian). 5 (1–2): 118–124. ISSN 2541-884X.
- Albogachieva, Makka (2013). "Ислам" [Islam]. In Albogachieva, Makka; Martazanov, Arsamak; Solovyeva, Lyubov (eds.). Ингуши [The Ingush]. Narody I kultury (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-02-038042-4.
- Albogachieva, Makka (2015). "Влияние социально-философских идей Ханбалийского проповедника Абдула-Кадира аль-Джилани на Исламскую культуру народов Кавказа" [The influence of the socio-philosophical ideas of the Hanbali preacher Abdul-Qadir al-Jilani on the Islamic culture of the Caucasus people] (PDF). Страны и народы востока (in Russian) (36: Религии на Востоке). Moscow: Nauka–Vostochnaya Literatura: 160–189.
- Albogachieva, Makka (2017). Ислам в Ингушетии: этнография и историко-культурные аспекты [Islam in Ingushetia: ethnography and historical and cultural aspects] (in Russian). ISBN 978-5-88431-349-1.
- Albogachieva, Makka (2019). "Места паломничества в Ингушетии" [Pilgrimage Sites in Ingushetia] (PDF). Kunstkamera (in Russian). 4 (2): 228–241. S2CID 202186721.
- Akhmadov, Yavus; Khasmagomadov, Edilbek (2005). История Чечни в XIX—XX веках [History of Chechnya in the XIX-XX centuries] (in Russian). Moscow: Puls. pp. 1–995. ISBN 5-93486-046-1.
- Belkharoev, Hajjimurad (2022). "О личности и религиозной деятельности суфийского авлия (шейха) Валийюллаха Батал-Хаджи Белхароева: Комментарии к научным статьям Э. В. Казиева (размышления над источниками и историографией)" [On the personality and religious activities of the Sufi avliya (sheikh) Valiyullah Batal-Haji Belkharoev: Comments on scientific articles by E. V. Kaziev (reflections on sources and historiography)]. Gumanitarnye Issledovaniya. Istoriya I Fiologiya (in Russian) (8). eISSN 2713-0231.
- Borusevich, K. I. (1893). Yanchuk, Nikolai (ed.). "Сектанство среди ингушей" [Sectarianism among the Ingush]. Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie (in Russian). 18 (3). Moscow: Vysoch. utv. T-vo Skoron. A. A. Levenson: 139–144.
- Daudov, Abdulla; Meskhidze, Juliette (2009). Komissarova, I. P. (ed.). Национальная государственность горских народов Северного Кавказа (1917—1924) [National statehood of the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus (1917-1924)] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Press. pp. 1–223.
- Kaziev, Eduard (2018). "Шейх Батал-Хаджи Белхароев и его вирд в воспоминаниях английского путешественника и журналиста Д.Ф. Бэддли" [Sheikh Batal-Haji Belkharoev and his wird in the memoirs of the English traveler and journalist D.F. Baddley]. Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie (in Russian) (2). Moscow: Nauka: 89–99. ISSN 0869-5415.
- Malsagov, Akhmet; Dakhkilgov, Ibragim (1986). Сказки, сказания и предания чеченцев и ингушей [Fairy tales, legends and legends of Chechens and Ingush] (in Russian). Grozny: ChIKI. pp. 1–528.
- Meskhidze, Juliette (1998). "Чечено-Ингушетия" [Checheno-Ingushetia] (PDF). In Prozorov, Stanislav (ed.). Ислам на территории бывшей Российской империи: Энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. pp. 105–108. ISBN 5-02-018047-5.
- Meskhidze, Juliette (1999). "Батал-Хаджжи" [Batal-Hajji] (PDF). In Prozorov, Stanislav (ed.). Ислам на территории бывшей Российской империи: Энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. pp. 15–16. ISBN 5-02-018137-4.
- Meskhidze, Juliette (2006). "Батал-Хаджжи" [Batal-Hajji] (PDF). In Prozorov, Stanislav (ed.). Ислам на территории бывшей Российской империи: Энциклопедический словарь (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura. pp. 56–57. ISBN 5-02-018420-9.)
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link - ISBN 9785975600547.
French sources
- Tsaroieva, Mariel (2011). Peuples et religions du Caucase du Nord [Peoples and religions of the North Caucasus] (in French). ISBN 9782811104894.