Battle of Blanco Canyon

Blanco Canyon Battlefield
Battle of Blanco Canyon
	Part of the Comanche Campaign
	; Blanco Canyon, seen from the west rim, on Highway 82
Date	October 10, 1871
Location	Near Blanco Canyon, Texas33°39′52″N 101°10′32″W / 33.66444°N 101.17556°W
Result	Inconclusive, Comanche village escapes capture
Belligerents
United States; 4th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Tonkawa scouts	Comanche Kotsoteka and Quahadi Band
Commanders and leaders
Ranald S. Mackenzie (WIA); Clarence Mauck	Quannah Parker
Strength
600 men, including 20 Tonkawas	300-400
Casualties and losses
1 dead, 2 reported wounded, including Col. Mackenzie.	5
	Blanco Canyon Battlefield class=notpageimage\| Location within Texas

The Battle of Blanco Canyon was the decisive battle of Col.

Warren Wagon Train Raid.^[1]^: 158 Col. Mackenzie assembled a powerful force consisting of eight companies of the Fourth United States Cavalry, two companies of the Eleventh Infantry, and a group of twenty Tonkawa scouts.^[1]

^: 158

Onset of the Campaign

New evidence in "West Texas Historical Review" Vol. XCI 2015 by Todd Smith and Paul Carlson shows the battle occurred in Southeastern Crosby County about seven miles east of the suspected site.

The force assembled at the site of old Camp Cooper, on the Clear Fork of the Brazos River on 19 September 1871.^[1]^: 157 The force set out in a northwesterly direction on 30 September 1871, hoping to find the Quahadi village, which housed the warriors led by Quanah Parker.^[1]^: 159 This village was believed to be encamped in Blanco Canyon near the headwaters of the Freshwater Fork of the Brazos River, southeast of the site of present Crosbyton, Texas. On the fourth night of the march, the expedition established a base camp at the junction of the Salt Fork of the Brazos and Duck Creek, near the site of present Spur, Texas. The following day, Col. Mackenzie made the decision to leave his infantry to fortify the base camp, and set out for Blanco Canyon with his cavalry, hoping to catch the Comanche by surprise, and strike a blow at them in their heartland.^[2]

In the afternoon of October 9, 1871, the cavalry force reached the White River and Blanco Canyon, the first non-Comanche military force to enter Blanco Canyon since the rise of the Comanche as a power on the plains.^[3] Near midnight, Quanah Parker personally led a small Comanche force which stampeded through the cavalry camp, driving off about seventy horses and mules.^[1]^{: 165, 167} As the pursuing cavalry reached the top of a hill on the top of the canyon, they found a much larger party of Indians, who were waiting in ambush.^[1]^: 170 The cavalry fought their way clear, but suffered the loss of one cavalryman,^[1]^: 177 the sole Army fatality of the entire campaign. Lt. Robert Goldthwaite Carter and a detail of five men mounted a rear guard action against the Comanches, and the remainder of the unit retreated.^[1]^: 174 This action on 10 October 1871, won Lt. Carter the Medal of Honor.^[1]^: 213^[2]

Mackenzie's main column and the Tonkawa scouts, hearing the gunfire, advanced and probably saved the detachment from slaughter, as more Comanche had managed to surround the retreating unit.^[1]^: 179 With the arrival of the main cavalry column, Quanah Parker and his warriors retreated.^[1]^: 177 The Comanches fought their way up the walls of Blanco Canyon, sniping at the oncoming troopers and taunting their Tonkawa enemies before disappearing from the Army's sight as they went over the Caprock Escarpment, and onto the Llano Estacado, Carter lacerating his leg against a boulder in the process.^[1]^: 181^[2]

The remainder of the expedition

Col. Mackenzie pursued the Indians over the next few days, forcing them to abandon lodge poles, buffalo hides, tools, and most of their possessions as they fled.

blue norther", (a winter storm from the Great Plains).^[1]^: 192 High winds, blinding snow, hail and sleet halted the cavalry advance, and allowed the Comanche to again retreat safely.^[1]^: 195^[4] The cavalry force continued the pursuit the following morning, but the weather and conditions allowed the Comanche to disappear into the storm.^[1]^: 196 Mackenzie ordered his troops to follow what the scouts believed was the Comanche trail for about forty miles, nearly to the vicinity of present-day Plainview, Texas.^[1]^: 196 Given the deteriorating state of his men and horses, and low rations, Mackenzie reluctantly turned back.^[1]

^: 196

Re-Entering Blanco Canyon

On October 15, 1871, the cavalry re-entered Blanco Canyon and Army scouts saw two Comanches spying on the troops on the walls of the Canyon.

Fort Richardson on 17 Nov.^[1]

^: 206

Result of the Expedition

Col. Mackenzie regarded the entire expedition as unsuccessful. The command had marched 509 miles, lost one life, and many horses. He considered that they had accomplished nothing but frighten one hostile Comanche band. However, he had marched to the heart of the Comancheria (and mapped the region in the process), penetrated into an area of the Llano Estacado no Americans except Comancheros had ever seen, destroyed the winter equipment of the Comanche he encountered, and temporarily driven them from their homeland. The lessons he learned about Plains Indian warfare as a result of the battle of Blanco Canyon and this expedition would stand him in good stead during the Red River War, and resulted a few years later in the surrender of the last free Comanche.^[2]^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac Carter, R.G., On the Border with Mackenzie, 1935, Washington D.C.: Enynon Printing Co.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d [1], Texas Indians.
^ The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Arthur H. Clarke Co. 1933.
^ ^a ^b Comanches, The Destruction of a People, page 29. Oxford Press. 1949.

External links

[2]

[Carter-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac Carter, R.G., On the Border with Mackenzie, 1935, Washington D.C.: Enynon Printing Co.

[TX_Indians-2] [1], Texas Indians.

[Combar-3] The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Arthur H. Clarke Co. 1933.

[Fehrenbach-4] Comanches, The Destruction of a People, page 29. Oxford Press. 1949.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

v t e Comanche
Culture	Comanche language Comanche Flute Native American Church
History	Cherokee Commission Comanche Campaign Fort Martin Scott Treaty Medicine Lodge Treaty Meusebach–Comanche Treaty Treaty of Tehuacana Creek
Warfare	Battle of Blanco Canyon Battle of Palo Duro Canyon Battle of Pease River Buffalo Hunters' War Comanche Wars Comanche–Mexico Wars Red River War Second Battle of Adobe Walls Comanche Code Talkers
Places	Comancheria Blanco Canyon Comanche Trail Edwards Plateau Fort Parker State Park Palo Duro Canyon Quanah Parker Star House Red River Wichita Mountains
Notable historic individuals	Spirit Talker Old Owl Amorous Man Ten Bears Santa Anna Buffalo Hump Iron Jacket Horseback Tosahwi Peta Nocona Big Red Meat Carne Muerto Isatai Quanah Parker White Parker
Tribal institutions	Comanche Nation Casino Comanche Nation College

v t e History of Texas
By period	French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas
By topic	Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice
By city	Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas
Government agency	Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission
Years in Texas