John S. Mosby
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Battles/wars | American Civil War
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John Singleton Mosby (December 6, 1833 – May 30, 1916), also known by his nickname "Gray Ghost", was an American military officer who was a
Early life and education
Mosby was born in
Mosby began his education at a school called Murrell's Shop (Elma, Nelson County). When his family moved to Albemarle County, Virginia (near Charlottesville) in about 1840, John attended school in Fry's Woods before transferring to a Charlottesville school at the age of ten years. Because of his small stature and frail health, Mosby was the victim of bullies throughout his school career. Instead of becoming withdrawn and lacking in self-confidence, the boy responded by fighting back. The editor of his memoirs recounted a statement Mosby made that he never won any fight in which he was engaged. The only time he did not lose a fight was when an adult stepped in and broke it up.[3]
In 1847, Mosby enrolled at Hampden–Sydney College, where his father was an alumnus. Unable to keep up with his mathematics class,[4] Mosby left the college after two years. On October 3, 1850,[5][6][7] he entered the University of Virginia, taking Classical Studies and joining the Washington Literary Society and Debating Union. He was far above average in Latin, Greek, and literature (all of which he enjoyed), but mathematics was still a problem for him. In his third year, a quarrel erupted between Mosby and a notorious bully, George R. Turpin, a tavern keeper's son who was robust and physically impressive. When Mosby heard from a friend that Turpin had insulted him, Mosby sent Turpin a letter asking for an explanation—one of the rituals in the code of honor to which Southern gentlemen adhered. Turpin became enraged and declared that on their next meeting, he would "eat him up raw!" Mosby decided he had to meet Turpin despite the risk; to run away would be dishonorable.[8]
On March 29 the two met, Mosby having brought with him a small pepper-box pistol in the hope of dissuading Turpin from an attack. When the two met and Mosby said, "I hear you have been making assertions ..." Turpin put his head down and charged. At that point, Mosby pulled out the pistol and shot his adversary in the neck. The distraught 19-year-old Mosby went home to await his fate. He was arrested and arraigned on two charges: unlawful shooting (a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of one year in jail and a $500 fine) and malicious shooting (a felony with a maximum sentence of 10 years in the penitentiary). After a trial that almost resulted in a hung jury, Mosby was convicted of the lesser offense, but received the maximum sentence. Mosby later discovered that he had been expelled from the university before he was brought to trial.[9]
While serving time, Mosby won the friendship of his prosecutor, attorney William J. Robertson. When Mosby expressed his desire to study law, Robertson offered the use of his law library. Mosby studied law for the rest of his incarceration. Friends and family used political influence in an attempt to obtain a pardon. Gov. Joseph Johnson reviewed the evidence and pardoned Mosby on December 23, 1853, as a Christmas present, and the state legislature rescinded the $500 (~$18,312 in 2023) fine at its next session.[10][11] The incident, trial, and imprisonment so traumatized Mosby that he never wrote about it in his memoirs.[12]
After studying for months in Robertson's law office, Mosby was admitted to the bar and established his own practice in nearby Howardsville.
Family life
About this time, Mosby met Pauline Clarke (March 30, 1837 – May 10, 1876), who was visiting from
The Mosbys had two children before the Civil War (May and Beverley).[14] John Singleton Mosby Jr., who like his father became a lawyer, and later worked for mining companies in the west, was born in 1863 during the war. By 1870, the family included five children (adding Lincoln Mosby, 1865–1923, and Victoria Stuart Mosby Coleman, 1866–1946), and lived in Warrenton, Virginia. The Catholic Church established a mission in Warrenton by 1874, which is now known as St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church.[15]
Mosby was dedicated to his family and paid to have them educated at the best Catholic schools in Washington, D.C., when he moved there after his wife's death in 1876. Their sons served as altar boys and Mosby's youngest sister, Florie, not only converted to Catholicism, but became a Catholic nun.[16] Two more daughters also survived their parents, Pauline V. Mosby (1869–1951) and Ada B. Mosby (1871–1937), but the Mosbys also lost two sons in the turbulent aftermath of the Panic of 1873, George Prentiss Mosby (1873–1874) and Alfred McLaurine Mosby (1876–1876).
Civil War career
1861
Mosby spoke out against secession, but joined the Confederate army as a
1862
In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the Partisan Ranger Act which "provides that such partisan rangers, after being regularly received into service, shall be entitled to the same pay, rations, and quarters, during their term of service, and be subject to the same regulations, as other soldiers."
By June 1862, Mosby was scouting for
After the
1863
In January 1863, Stuart, with Lee's concurrence, authorized Mosby to form and take command of the
In March 1863, Mosby conducted a daring raid far inside Union lines near the Fairfax County courthouse. He was helped, according to his own account, by a deserter from the 5th New York Cavalry regiment named James Ames, who served under Mosby until he was killed in 1864.[21][22] He and his men captured three Union officers, including Brig. Gen. Edwin H. Stoughton. Mosby wrote in his memoirs that he found Stoughton in bed and roused him with a "spank on his bare back."[23][24] Upon being so rudely awakened the general indignantly asked what this meant. Mosby quickly asked if he had ever heard of "Mosby". The general replied, "Yes, have you caught him?" "I am Mosby," the Confederate ranger said. "Stuart's cavalry has possession of the Court House; be quick and dress." Mosby and his 29 men had captured a Union general, two captains, 30 enlisted men, and 58 horses without firing a shot.[25][26] Mosby was formally promoted to the rank of captain two days later, on March 15, 1863, and major on March 26, 1863.[27]
On May 3, 1863, Mosby attacked and captured supply depot
Mosby endured his first serious wound of the war on August 24, 1863, during a skirmish near Annandale, Virginia, when a bullet hit him through his thigh and side. He retired from the field with his troops and returned to action a month later.[32]
1864
The partisan rangers proved controversial among Confederate army regulars, who thought they encouraged desertion as well as morale problems in the countryside as potential soldiers would favor sleeping in their own (or friendly) beds and capturing booty to the hardships and privations of traditional military campaigns. Mosby was thus enrolled in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States and soon promoted to lieutenant colonel on January 21, 1864, and to colonel, December 7, 1864.[27] Mosby carefully screened potential recruits, and required each to bring his own horse.
The
Mosby endured a second serious wound on September 14, 1864, while taunting a Union regiment by riding back and forth in front of it. A Union bullet shattered the handle of his revolver before entering his groin. Barely staying on his horse to make his escape, he resorted to crutches during a quick recovery and returned to command three weeks later.[33]
Mosby's successful disruption of supply lines, attrition of Union couriers, and disappearance in the disguise of civilians caused Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to tell Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan:
The families of most of Mosby's men are know[n] and can be collected. I think they should be taken and kept at Fort McHenry or some secure place as hostages for good conduct of Mosby and his men. When any of them are caught with nothing to designate what they are hang them without trial.[34]
On September 22, 1864, Union forces executed six of Mosby's men who had been captured out of uniform (i.e. as spies) in Front Royal, Virginia; a seventh (captured, according to Mosby's subsequent letter to Sheridan, "by a Colonel Powell on a plundering expedition into Rappahannock") was reported by Mosby to have suffered a similar fate.[35] William Thomas Overby was one of the men selected for execution on the hill in Front Royal. His captors offered to spare him if he would reveal Mosby's location, but he refused. According to reports at the time, his last words were, "My last moments are sweetened by the reflection that for every man you murder this day Mosby will take a tenfold vengeance."[36] After the executions a Union soldier pinned a piece of paper to one of the bodies that read: "This shall be the fate of all Mosby's men."[37]
After informing General
On November 11, 1864, Mosby wrote to Philip Sheridan, the commander of Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley, requesting that both sides resume treating prisoners with humanity. He pointed out that he and his men had captured and returned far more of Sheridan's men than they had lost.[42] The Union side complied. With both camps treating prisoners as "prisoners of war" for the duration, there were no more executions.
On November 18, 1864, Mosby's command defeated Blazer's Scouts at the Battle of Kabletown.[43]
Mosby had his closest brush with death on December 21, 1864, near Rector's Crossroads in Virginia. While dining with a local family, Mosby was fired on through a window, and the ball entered his abdomen two inches below the navel.[32] He managed to stagger into the bedroom and hide his coat, which had his only insignia of rank. The commander of the Union detachment, Maj. Douglas Frazar of the 13th New York Cavalry, entered the house and—not knowing Mosby's identity—inspected the wound and pronounced it mortal. Although left for dead, Mosby recovered and returned to the war effort once again two months later.[44]
1865
Several weeks after General Robert E. Lee's surrender, Mosby's status was uncertain, as some posters above the signature of Gen.
Rather than following his men to Winchester, Mosby instead rode south with several officers, planning to fight on with General Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina. However, before he reached his fellow Confederates, he read a newspaper article about Johnston's surrender. Some proposed that they return to Richmond and capture the Union officers who were occupying the White House of the Confederacy, but Mosby rejected the plan, telling them, "Too late! It would be murder and highway robbery now. We are soldiers, not highwaymen."[46] By early May, Mosby confirmed the $5,000 bounty on his head, but still managed to evade capture, including at a raid near Lynchburg, Virginia which terrified his mother. When Mosby finally confirmed the arrest order had been rescinded, he surrendered on June 17, one of the last Confederate officers to do so.[47][48]
Later legal career
When the Civil War ended, Mosby was just 31, and would live another five decades. He resumed his law practice in Warrenton, and by December 1865 was prosecuting the internal revenue collector in Prince William County for mule-stealing. Nonetheless, during the year after receiving his parole, Mosby often found himself harassed by occupying Union forces, arrested on petty or trumped-up charges, until his wife and young son Revardy, after being rebuffed by President Andrew Johnson despite their mutual kinship ties, met General Grant in January 1866 and secured a handwritten exemption from arrest and guarantee of safe conduct.[49][50]
Virginia politics
On May 8, 1872, as covered by the
Soon, Mosby had become one of Grant's favorites and was bringing federal patronage jobs to local Virginians, although initially he did not hold any federal job. He tried to make a rapprochement between President Grant and Virginia Governor James L. Kemper, a Confederate Major General and Conservative elected the following year and whom Mosby also supported. However, that failed. His Republican political activity diminished Mosby's popularity in Warrenton; many considered him a turncoat. Many Southerners still considered Grant "the enemy". Mosby received death threats, his boyhood home was burned down, and at least one attempt was made to assassinate him. Later reflecting on the animosity shown to him by his fellow Virginians, Mosby stated in a May 1907 letter that "There was more vindictiveness shown to me by the Virginia people for my voting for Grant than the North showed to me for fighting four years against him."[53]
After the deaths of his wife Pauline and infant son Alfred in mid-1876, Mosby decided to move his family to Washington, D.C., but had difficulty finding enough legal business to support them. He thus spent much time campaigning for the Republican candidate,
Mosby had to leave his children in the care of relatives, but this proved to be the first in a series of other federal government jobs and postings, many fighting rampant fraud in politically volatile situations. President McKinley appointed Mosby's daughter May the postmistress in Warrenton, which became very important after her husband Robert Campbell died in August 1889, leaving her to raise her young children alone (although her sons John Mosby Campbell and Alexander Spottswood Campbell received many letters and some money from their overseas grandfather, as to a lesser extent did Jack Russell, son of his late sister Lucie).[55]
Consul in Hong Kong
Upon arriving in Hong Kong, Mosby found discrepancies in his predecessor's recordkeeping, and believed David H. Bailey had colluded with his vice-consul Loring (whom Mosby fired), to bilk the government of thousands of dollars in fees. Bailey had pocketed fees charged Chinese emigrants sailing to the U.S. on foreign-flag ships (certifying that they emigrated voluntarily and were not part of notorious "coolie traffic"), and claimed "expenses" for shipboard examinations (by the illiterate proprietor of a local boardinghouse frequented by sailors) of those emigrating on U.S.-flag ships equal to the fees charged. Mosby thought Bailey had almost doubled his salary over the previous eight years by embezzlement and kickbacks, and stopped charging for shipboard examinations (which he personally conducted).[56]
However, Bailey had recently been nominated to become consul at Shanghai because George Seward, previous consul since 1863, had been nominated to become the ambassador to China. Seward's replacement in Shanghai, John C. Myers of Reading, Pennsylvania, had reported to State Department superiors that George Seward and his vice-consul Oliver Bradford had been engaging in land and capital speculation in China that seemed to violate the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, but had been suspended, as had his successor Wiley Wells, ex-Congressman from Mississippi. Wells and Myers then sought redress from Congress, which was considering impeaching George Seward, but Bailey traveled to Washington to defend his crony.[57]
Mosby's initial letter to his superior (Frederick W. Seward, son of the former secretary of state and who had been wounded by Mosby's ex-subordinate while defending his father from an assassination attempt on the night of President Lincoln's assassination) languished. However, Special Treasury Department Inspector DeB. Randolph Keim made a whirlwind inspection of Far East consulates and found many similar bookkeeping irregularities. Eventually, in March 1879, Mosby wrote to General Thomas C. H. Smith, a friend of President Hayes, about a similar embezzlement scheme operated by David B. Sickels (U.S. Consul at Bangkok) and his vice-consul Torrey (a Hong Kong native whose correspondence to the fired Loring Mosby accepted and read). Mosby also learned that Bailey had charged (and pocketed) $10,000 per year for shipments of opium to the United States from Macao, although Mosby proposed to issue the required certificate for the legal export for just $2.50.[58]
Meanwhile, consul Mosby was occupied entertaining his old friend President Grant, who spent the two years after his retirement touring the world as a semi-private citizen. Mosby received Grant on April 30. During the nearly week-long visit, Grant told Mosby he had heard more reports about the problems in Bangkok and advised Mosby to go directly to President Hayes (as Mosby had just done) and promised to talk to Hayes personally. However, Bailey was confirmed as consul in Shanghai before Grant's return home, and newspapers had begun publishing stories about Mosby's inappropriate attire, the start of a campaign to minimize him as a "crackpot." Moreover, the new State Department investigator was General
Nonetheless, Stahel verified Mosby's complaints, and former Union Cavalry Major
Nonetheless, Mosby was unhappy, despite the electoral victory of his friend Garfield in November and his son Beverley joining him as vice-consul. His repeated requests for leave to return home and visit the rest of his family kept being denied, as were most requests for supplies or funds, and one relative was removed from the Lighthouse Board. In addition to the press and bureaucratic sniping, Mosby found his salary insufficient to support socialization among the local merchant class. Still, as 1880 began, Mosby won a slander lawsuit brought against him in Hong Kong by Peter Smith, the sailors' boardinghouse keeper associated with ex-consul Bailey, reporting that he defended himself to the applause of jury and spectators, as well as laughter of the distinguished judge.
Mosby left China after the election of Democrat Grover Cleveland led to a change in administrations. He was replaced by fellow Virginian Robert E. Withers, whom Mosby had long despised.[63]
Railroad lawyer
Before leaving China, Mosby had written Grant seeking help in finding another position. Grant responded (as he was dying) with a letter recommending Mosby to Senator
In 1898, Mosby tried to secure an officer's commission, for the
Government attorney
When Mosby returned to Washington in 1901, during the second term of the McKinley administration (wary during the first term because of McKinley's service in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War, as well as being perceived as just another office-seeker), he again sought a job in the Justice Department. After McKinley's assassination, President Theodore Roosevelt instead sent Mosby west as a special agent of the Department of the Interior. There, Mosby dealt with illegal fencing of range land by cattle barons in Colorado and Nebraska, who often used fake homestead claims by military widows as well as violated the Van Wyck Fence Law of 1885. When witnesses refused to come forward to testify about illegal fencing for fear of retaliation, Mosby upheld the law by first sending notices to the affected landowner. The Pawnee Cattle Company capitulated in Colorado, so Mosby moved on to western Nebraska, where he learned the land agent actually lived in Iowa and failed to supervise the range.[67]
Mosby's Colorado methods failed, however, since the Omaha grand jury refused to authorize an indictment against Bartlett Richards or anyone but nonresident agent W.R. Lesser. Mosby was recalled to Washington to appease Nebraska's Senators, and then sent to halt timber trespassers in Alabama forests. However, other attorneys were sent out, who secured indictments. Richards and his English brother in law William G. Comstock were convicted in 1905 despite their argument that the government land hadn't been surveyed. The local judge sentenced them to $300 fine apiece and six hours in custody, which they spent celebrating at the Omaha Cattlemen's Club, and which led President Roosevelt to fire both the U.S. attorney and U.S. Marshal. The next year Richards and Comstock were indicted on a new charge of conspiracy to deprive the government of public land, convicted and fined $1,500 fines as well as sentenced to a year in jail. After three years of appeals, the convictions and sentences were upheld, so they were sent to prison in Hastings, Nebraska for a year beginning in 1901, and Richards died in a hospital a month before the sentence would end.[68][69]
Mosby finally got the
Memoirist of the Civil War
Mosby was forced to retire from his Justice Department post at age 76, under the William Howard Taft administration. Blind in one eye and cantankerous, he spent his final years in Washington, D.C., living in a boardinghouse and watched over by his remaining daughters to the extent he would let them or others.
Mosby also continued writing about his wartime exploits, as he had been in 1887 Mosby's War Reminiscences and Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns, which had defended the reputation of J.E.B. Stuart, who some partisans of the "Lost Cause" blamed for the Confederacy's defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mosby had served under Stuart and was fiercely loyal to the late general, writing, "He made me all that I was in the war. ... But for his friendship I would never have been heard of." He lectured in New England in connection with that first book and wrote numerous articles for popular publications. He published a book length treatise in 1908, a work that relied on his skills as a lawyer to refute categorically all of the claims laid against Stuart. A recent comprehensive study of the Stuart controversy, written by Eric J. Wittenberg and J. David Petruzzi, called Mosby's work a "tour de force".[72]
He attended only one reunion of his Rangers, in Alexandria, Virginia, in January 1895, noticing with bemusement how many had become clergymen but preferring to look forward not back.[73] During the war, he had kept a slave, Aaron Burton, to whom he occasionally sent money in Brooklyn, New York after the war and with whom he kept in contact into the 1890s.[74] In 1894, Mosby wrote to a former comrade regarding the cause of the war, stating: "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery."[75][76][77]
In June 1907, Mosby wrote a letter to Samuel "Sam" Chapman, in which he expressed his displeasure over people, namely George Christian, downplaying and denying the importance of slavery in its causing the American Civil War. In the letter, Mosby explained his reasons as to why he fought for the Confederacy, despite personally disapproving of slavery. Although he admitted that the Confederate states had seceded to protect and defend their institution of slavery, he had felt it was his patriotic duty as a Virginian to fight on behalf of the Confederacy, stating that, "I am not ashamed of having fought on the side of slavery—a soldier fights for his country—right or wrong—he is not responsible for the political merits of the course he fights in" and that, "The South was my country."[78][79]
Death and legacy
In January 1915 the University of Virginia awarded Mosby a medal and written tribute, which touched him deeply. Throughout his life, Mosby remained loyal to those he believed fair-minded, such as Stuart and Grant, but refused to cater to Southern sympathies. He proclaimed that there was "no man in the Confederate Army who had less of the spirit of knight-errantry in him, or took a more practical view of war than I did."[77] He died of complications after throat surgery in a Washington, D.C., hospital on May 30, 1916, noting at the end that it was Memorial Day. He is buried at the Warrenton Cemetery in Warrenton, Virginia.[27]
- The area around Middleburg, from where Mosby launched most of his behind-the-lines activities, was called "Mosby's Confederacy", even in the Northern press. The Virginia Piedmont Heritage Area Association, formerly called the Mosby Heritage Area Association and headquartered in Middleburg, is actively involved in preserving the history, culture, and scenery of this historic area.[80]
- The John Singleton Mosby Museum was located in Warrenton, Virginia, at the historic Brentmoor estate where Mosby lived from 1875 to 1877. After it closed many of the artifacts moved to the Old Fauquier County Jail museum.
- There are 35 monuments and markers in Northern Virginia dedicated to actions and events related to Mosby's Rangers.[81]
- Dulles Airport and Winchester, Virginia, is named for Colonel Mosby.[82]
- Mosby Woods Elementary School in the Fairfax County Public Schools system was originally named in his honor.[83] The name of the school was changed to Mosaic Elementary School by the Fairfax County School Board in February 2021; effective at the start the 2021–2022 academic year.[84]
- The segregation academy John S. Mosby Academy operated in Front Royal, Virginia from 1959 to 1969.
- Mosby Woods subdivision in Fairfax City is also named in his honor.
- The Mosby Woods Pool, located in the Mosby Woods subdivision, is named in his honor as is its swim team, the Mosby Woods Raiders, who compete in the Northern Virginia Swim League.
- The post office branch for zip code 22042 (in Northern Virginia's Falls Church area) is referred to by the USPS as the Mosby branch.
- Mosby Court, located in the Hillwood Estates subdivision of Round Hill, Virginia, remains named in his honor after residents there, in 2022, rejected Loudoun County's proposal to rename the cul-de-sac along with several other streets in the neighborhood (Early Avenue, Hampton Road, Jackson Avenue, Lee Drive, Longstreet Avenue, and Pickett Road) that were named or renamed after Confederate generals in the early 1960s.[85]
- The Liberty Ship SS John S. Mosbywas named in his honor.
- The U.S. Army Reserve Center located on Fort Belvoir, VA was previously named in his honor. The center was rededicated in honor of U.S. Army Reserve Staff Sergeant Richard S. Eaton Jr. in 2024.
In popular culture
- Herman Melville's poem "The Scout Toward Aldie" was about the terror a Union brigade felt upon facing Mosby and his men. In part, the poem was based on Melville's experiences in the field with the 13th New York Cavalry and several of its officers who were alumni of Rutgers College.[86]
- A 1913 film entitled The Pride of the South, starred actor Joseph King as John Mosby.
- In 1924 Carrie Stevens of Maine created one of the most famous streamers for fly fishing which she called the Gray Ghost.
- Virgil Carrington Jones published Ranger Mosby (1944), and Gray Ghosts and Rebel Raiders (1956). He also wrote the late-1950s television program, The Gray Ghost.
- Science fiction author H. Beam Piper wrote a popular account of Mosby's life which was published in 1950 under the title "Rebel Raider".[87]
- CBS Television produced The Gray Ghost during the 1957–58 television season. The show aired in syndication and starred Tod Andrews as Mosby during his Civil War exploits.[88]
- The 1967 Disney television movie Mosby's Marauders starred Kurt Russell as a young Confederate serving under Mosby, portrayed by Jack Ging.[88]
- In the 1988 J.E.B. Stuart, from a court of inquiry investigating Stuart's actions in the battle of Gettysburg. In the novel, Skimin portrays Mosby as more pro-slavery than was the case historically.
- Mosby was the namesake of "The Gray Ghost (aka Simon Trent)", a character introduced in the 1992 Batman: The Animated Series, episode "Beware the Gray Ghost," and voiced by Adam West. The character also took inspiration from the 1950s show about his war career, as well The Spirit, The Shadow, and other pulp adventurers.
- There is a computer game based on Mosby's Civil War activities, by Tilted Mill, called "Mosby's Confederacy". (2008)
See also
- 43rd Battalion of the Virginia Cavalry, also known as "Mosby's Rangers"
- Loudoun Rangers, opponents of Mosby
- Shenandoah River, Mosby's cave, above Harper's Ferry
References
- ^ Civil War Trust biography of Mosby.
- ^ familysearch.org Archived December 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mosby and Russell, pp. 6–7. Mosby made the statement to John S. Patton, who wrote in the Baltimore Sun about Mosby's difficulties at the University of Virginia.
- ISBN 1-886356-06-8
- ^ Jones, p. 20.
- ^ Bell, 2008, p. 101.
- ^ Siepel, 2008, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Mosby and Russell, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Ramage, pp. 20–24.
- ISBN 0-865549-04-4
- ISBN 0-811745-44-9
- ^ Wert, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Talbott, Tim. "Beverly L. Clarke". ExploreKYHistory. Kentucky Historical Society. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
- ^ Ramage, pp. 28–30.
- ^ "St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church -- 271 Winchester St. Warrenton, VA 20186". www.stjohntheevangelist.org. Archived from the original on November 30, 2010.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 176-178
- ^ "Pauline Mosby - Civil War Women". civilwarwomenblog.com. October 13, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- ^ Longacre, p. 107.
- ^ Oakham NRIS p. 19
- ^ Wert, pp. 73–75.
- ^ Mosby account "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" 1888 {Vol.III.pp.148-151}
- ^ Prison Life in the Old Capital.p.156
- ^ Mosby Story .p.175. When Mosby furnished an account of Stoughton capture in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" 1888 {Vol.III.pp.148-151} He did not write of the spanking incident
- ^ John Scott in "Partisan Life with Col. John S. Mosby" (p.46) wrote "...With a rude shake Mosby roused him from his slumbers..."
- ^ Wert, pp. 20–22.
- ^ Wheeler, Linda (September 9, 2012), "The rough and tough exploits of Confederate raider John Mosby", The Washington Post
- ^ a b c Allardice, p. 284.
- ^ John Scott "Partisan Life with Col. John S Mosby pp.84-86
- ^ Mosby War reminiscences p.142
- ^ The Rebellion Record 1863 pp.75-76
- ISBN 978-1609499297.
- ^ a b Smith, p. 17.
- ^ Smith, p. 17; Wert, p. 209.
- ^ Neely, p. 79.
- ^ Boyle, p. 161.
- ^ Scott, p. 320 (quoting Overby).
- ^ Boyle, p. 155.
- ^ Engraving reproduced from Scott, p. 210. Scott refers to "Captain Mountjoy", but most references spell it "Montjoy".
- ^ Boyle.
- ^ Scott, pp. 355–60.
- ^ Wert, pp. 244–48.
- ^ Wert, pp. 249–50.
- ^ Wert, pp. 252–54.
- ^ Smith, p. 17; Wert, p. 267; "CivilWarAlbum.com". Mosby Heritage Area Tour. Mosby Heritage Area Association. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ Kevin H. Siepel, Rebel: the life and times of John Singleton Mosby (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1983) pp. 147-154
- ^ Wert, pp. 287–90.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 154-155
- ^ See also Wert, p. 290; Allardyce p. 284, claims that he remained a fugitive until being arrested in January 1866, when his wife obtained a special pardon from General Grant.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 162, 165-66
- ^ Allardice, p. 284
- ^ Siepel, pp. 163-164, 182
- ^ Grant, vol. 2, p. 142.
- ^ John Mosby (May 9, 1907). "Letter to Samuel Chapman". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
- ^ See generally Siepel pp. 190-202
- ^ Siepel p. 256
- ^ Siepel, pp. 207–208.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 207–210.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 209–212.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 217–221.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 225–227.
- ^ Siepel, p. 230.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 230–242.
- ^ Siepel, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Siepel pp. 245–248
- ^ "John Mosby and George Patton". www.sonofthesouth.net. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- HistoryNet. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
- ^ Siepel pp. 255–277
- ^ Kevin H. Siepel, Rebel: The Life and Times of John Singleton Mosby (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1983) pp. 263–270
- ^ "Nebraska State Historical Society". Nebraska State Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 7, 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ McKnight, p. 1369.
- ^ Siepel pp. 274–277
- ^ Wittenberg and Petruzzi, pp. 219–28.
- ^ Siepel p. 248
- ^ Siepel p. 284
- ^ Coski, John M. (2006). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- ^ Lozada, Carlos (June 19, 2015). "How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem.'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Mosby continued to admire and appreciate Grant, and was unrepentant about turning Republican, writing the year before his death that "my animosity toward the North has long passed away."
- ^ a b "Mosby, John Singleton (1833–1916)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- ^ "Letter, Assistant Attorney General John S. Mosby to Captain Sam Chapman". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. June 4, 1907. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013.
- ^ Hall, Clark B. "Bud" (2011). "Letter to the Fauquier Times Democrat". Middleburg, Virginia. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
- ^ "Home". Mosby Heritage Area. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- ^ "Pages Containing "mosby's rangers"". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "Related Historical Markers". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "FCPS - School Profiles - Mosby Woods ES - School Profile Overview Page". Fairfax County Public Schools. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ "School Board Votes to Rename Mosby Woods Elementary School as Mosaic Elementary School | Fairfax County Public Schools". www.fcps.edu. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021.
- ^ LoudounNow (September 8, 2022). "Round Hill Residents Win Petition to Keep Mosby Court Name". Loudoun Now. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
- ^ "Rutgers in the Civil War," Journal of the Rutgers University Libraries Vol. 66 (2014), pages 99-100 http://jrul.libraries.rutgers.edu/index.php/jrul/article/viewFile/1865/3298
- ^ Piper, H. Beam (December 1950). "Rebel Raider". True: The Man's Magazine. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
- ^ a b Mosby's Rangers on DVD Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Sources
- Allardice, Bruce S. Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8262-1809-4.
- Barefoot, Daniel W. Let Us Die Like Brave Men: Behind the Dying Words of Confederate Warriors. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair Publisher, 2005. ISBN 978-0-89587-311-8.
- Bell, Griffin B.; John P. Cole. Footnotes to History: A Primer on the American Political Character. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-86554-904-3.
- Boyle, William E. "Under the Black Flag: Execution and Retaliation in Mosby's Confederacy", Military Law Review 144 (Spring 1994): p. 148ff.
- Crawford, J. Marshall. Mosby and His Men. New York: G. W. Carleton, 1867. OCLC 25241469.
- ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
- Jones, Virgil Carrington. Ranger Mosby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944. ISBN 0-8078-0432-0.
- Longacre, Edward G. Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002. ISBN 0-8117-0898-5.
- McGiffin, Lee. Iron Scouts of the Confederacy. Arlington Heights, IL: Christian Liberty Press, 1993. ISBN 1-930092-19-9.
- McKnight, Brian D. "John Singleton Mosby." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
- Mosby, John Singleton, and Charles Wells Russell. The Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby. New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1917. OCLC 1750463.
- Neely, Mark E. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-506496-4.
- Ramage, James A. Gray Ghost: The Life of Col. John Singleton Mosby. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010. ISBN 0-8131-2945-1.
- Ramage, James A. Rebel Raider: The Life of General John Hunt Morgan. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986. ISBN 0-8131-0839-X.
- Siepel, Kevin H. Rebel: The Life and Times of John Singleton Mosby, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8032-1609-9. First published 1983 by St. Martin's Press.
- Smith, Eric. Mosby's Raiders, Guerrilla Warfare in the Civil War. New York: Victoria Games, Inc., 1985. ISBN 978-0-912515-22-9.
- ISBN 0-671-74745-2.
- Winik, Jay. April 1865: The Month That Saved America. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-06-089968-4. First published 2001.
- Wittenberg, Eric J., and J. David Petruzzi. Plenty of Blame to Go Around: Jeb Stuart's Controversial Ride to Gettysburg. New York: Savas Beatie, 2006. ISBN 1-932714-20-0.
- The Home of The American Civil War: John Mosby
- John Singleton Mosby "A Long And Stormy Career"
Further reading
- Alexander, John H. Mosby's Men. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1907. OCLC 297987971.
- OCLC 833588.
- ISBN 9781462890811.
- Mosby, John Singleton. Mosby's Reminiscences and Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1887. OCLC 26692400.
- Mosby, John Singleton. Stuart's Cavalry in the Gettysburg Campaign. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1908. OCLC 2219061.
- Munson, John W. Reminiscences of a Mosby Guerrilla. New York: Moffat, Yard, and Co., 1906. OCLC 166633099.
- Scott, John. Partisan Life with Col. John S. Mosby. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867. OCLC 1305753.
- Williamson, James Joseph. Mosby's Rangers: A Record of the Operations of the Forty-third Battalion Virginia Cavalry. New York: Ralph B. Kenyon, 1896. OCLC 17692024.
External links
- Pauline Mosby, Wife Of John Singleton Mosby
- Col. John Mosby and the Southern code of honor, University of Virginia
- Typed carbon copy letter, signed. John Mosby to Eppa Hunton. November 18, 1909.
- Mosby Heritage Area Association
- Works by or about John S. Mosby at Internet Archive
- Works by John S. Mosby at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .