Benevento
Benevento
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Comune di Benevento | |
St. Bartholomew[3] | |
Saint day | 24 August |
Website | Official website |
Benevento (
Benevento occupies the site of the ancient Beneventum, originally Maleventum or even earlier Maloenton. The meaning of the name of the town is evidenced by its former Latin name, translating as good or fair wind. In the imperial period it was supposed to have been founded by Diomedes after the Trojan War.[6]
Due to its artistic and cultural significance, the
A
History
Samnium ?-298 BC
Roman Republic 314–27 BC
Roman Empire 27 BC–285 AD
Western Roman Empire 285–476
Kingdom of Odoacer 476–490
Ostrogothic Kingdom 490–536
Eastern Roman Empire 536–537
Duchy of Benevento 571–1077
Papal States 1077–1806
Kingdom of Naples 1806–1815
Papal States 1815–1860
Kingdom of Sardinia 1860–1861
Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946
Italian Republic1946–present
Ancient era
Benevento, as Maleventum, was one of the chief cities of
Benevento was certainly in the power of the Romans in 274 BC, when
As a Roman colony Beneventum seems to have quickly become a flourishing place; and in the
Under the Second Triumvirate its territory was portioned out by the Triumvirs to their veterans, and subsequently a fresh colony was established there by Augustus, who greatly enlarged its domain by the addition of the territory of Caudium (now Montesarchio). A third colony was settled there by Nero, at which time it assumed the title of Concordia; hence we find it bearing, in inscriptions of the reign of Septimius Severus, the titles Colonia Julia Augusta Concordia Felix Beneventum.[17] Its importance and flourishing condition under the Roman Empire is sufficiently attested by existing remains and inscriptions; it was at that period unquestionably the chief city of the Hirpini, and probably, next to Capua, the most populous and considerable city of southern Italy. For this prosperity it was doubtless indebted in part to its position on the Via Appia, just at the junction of the two principal arms or branches of that great road, the one called afterwards the Via Traiana, leading thence by Aequum Tuticum (now Ariano Irpino) into Apulia; the other by Aeclanum to Venusia (now Venosa) and Tarentum (now Taranto).[18] Its wealth is also evidenced by the quantity of coins minted by Beneventum. Horace famously notes Beneventum on his journey from Rome to Brundusium (now Brindisi).[19] It was indebted to the same circumstance for the honor of repeated visits from the emperors of Rome, among which those of Nero, Trajan, and Septimus Severus, are particularly recorded.[20]
It was probably for the same reason that the triumphal arch, the Arch of Trajan, was erected there by the senate and people of Rome and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus in 114. The Arch of Trajan is one of the best-preserved Roman structures in the Campania. It repeats the formula of the Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum, with reliefs of Trajan's life and exploits of his reign. Some of the sculptures are in the British Museum. Successive emperors seem to have bestowed on the city accessions of territory, and erected, or at least given name to, various public buildings. For administrative purposes it was first included, together with the rest of the Hirpini, in the second region of Augustus, but was afterwards annexed to Campania and placed under the control of the consular of that province. Its inhabitants were included in the Stellatine tribe.[21] Beneventum retained its importance down to the close of the Empire, and though during the Gothic wars it was taken by Totila, and its walls razed to the ground, they were restored, as well as its public buildings, shortly after; and P. Diaconus speaks of it as a very wealthy city, and the capital of all the surrounding provinces.[22]
Beneventum indeed seems to have been a place of much literary cultivation; it was the birthplace of Lucius Orbilius Pupillus, who long continued to teach in his native city before he removed to Rome, and was honored with a statue by his fellow-townsmen; while existing inscriptions record similar honors paid to another grammarian, Rutilius Aelianus, as well as to orators and poets, apparently only of local celebrity.[23]
The territory of Beneventum under the Roman Empire was of very considerable extent. Towards the west it included that of Caudium, with the exception of the town itself; to the north it extended as far as the river Tamarus (now Tammaro), including the village of Pago Veiano, which, as we learn from an inscription, was anciently called Pagus Veianus; on the northeast it comprised the town of Aequum Tuticum (now Saint Eleutherio hamlet, between Ariano Irpino and Castelfranco in Miscano), and on the east and south bordered on the territories of Aeclanum (now Mirabella Eclano) and Abellinum (now Avellino). An inscription has preserved to us the names of several of the pagi or villages dependent upon Beneventum, but their sites cannot be identified.[24]
The city's most ancient coins bear the legend "Malies" or "Maliesa", which have been supposed to belong to the Samnite, or pre-Samnite, Maleventum. Coins with the legend "BENVENTOD" (an old Latin – or Samnite – form for Beneventor-um), must have been struck after it became a Latin colony.[25]
Duchy of Benevento
Not long after it had been sacked by Totila and its walls razed (545), Benevento became the seat of a powerful Lombard duchy.[6] The circumstances of the creation of duchy of Benevento are disputed. Lombards were present in southern Italy well before the complete conquest of the Po Valley: the duchy would have been founded in 576 by some soldiers led by Zotto, autonomously from the Lombard king.
Zotto's successor was
In the following decades, Benevento added some territories to the Roman-Byzantine duchy by conquest, but the main enemy was now the northern Lombard Kingdom itself.
With the collapse of the Lombard Kingdom in 773,
In November 774, the Duke of Benevento Duke Arechis II, immediately after being crowned prince, decided to send members of the Benevento Cortisani and Baccari families to occupy the central area of the Biferno river in the neighboring region of Molise, seeking to expand their political dominance.[26][27]
Benevento was acclaimed by a chronicler as a "second Pavia"— Ticinum geminum— after the Lombard capital was lost. This principality was short-lived: in 851,
The so-called
The first decades of the 11th century saw two more German-descended rulers in southern Italy:
Papal rule
Benevento passed to the papacy peacefully when the emperor
Several popes personally visited Benevento. In 1128
In 1130,
After the Italian unification
After the
and brickmaking industries.During World War II, Benevento's key position in the railway communications between Rome and Apulia resulted in the town being heavily bombed by the Allied air forces in the summer of 1943. These raids caused 2,000 deaths and left 18,000 homeless out of a population of 40,000, and resulted in the destruction of half of the town.[32][33][34][35] The railway and industrial districts were hit the hardest, but the old city centre also suffered heavily; the Cathedral was almost completely destroyed, and its reconstruction was only completed in the 1960s.[36][37][38] After being briefly occupied by the Germans in the wake of the Armistice of Cassibile, Benevento was liberated by the Allies on 2 October 1943.
Four years after the war, on 2 October 1949, Benevento was hit hard by a flood of the Calore Irpino.
During the 1950s Benevento was mainly ruled by
Jewish history
Epigraphical evidence show that a
Geography
Climate
Climate data for Benevento (1961-1990) Elevation 170 meters (558 feet) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.9 (78.6) |
31.0 (87.8) |
34.9 (94.8) |
36.2 (97.2) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
28.2 (82.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.2 (88.2) |
27.3 (81.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
[citation needed] |
Main sights
Ancient remains
The Arch of Trajan
The importance of Benevento in classical times is vouched for by the many remains of antiquity which it possesses, of which the most famous is the triumphal arch erected in honour of Trajan by the senate and people of Rome in 114, with important reliefs relating to its history. Enclosed in the walls, this construction marked the entrance in Benevento of the Via Traiana, the road built by the Spanish emperor to shorten the path from Rome to Brindisi. The reliefs show the civil and military deeds of Trajan. A great part of the arch is decorated with scenes in bas relief: particularly the pillars directed to the town represent scenes of peace and military scenes. The two faces of the Arch are identical in the arrangement of the reliefs. That the reliefs are for the most part not merely fanciful, nor chiefly conventional and decorative in theme and treatment, is also clear at first sight. They plainly refer to actual events and actions in the life of Trajan, whose effigy, sometimes decapitated, appears in all but two of them, one of which is the only one on all the Arch that is substantially defective.[49] The height of the monument is of 15.6 meters, with an arch of 8 meters, a structure composed of limestone rocks and a marble covering. The arch was put during the Middle Age in the fenced area of the town, in order to represent the Porta Aurea, on account of its fair proportions and the wealth and excellence of its sculptural adornments.[49]
Other considerable remains
There are other considerable remains from ancient era:
- The well-preserved ancient theatre, next to the Cathedral and the Port'Arsa gate. This grandiose building was erected by Hadrian, and later expanded by Caracalla. It is a testimony of the presence of different Hellenic tendencies, in opposition to the previous art of Traiano. The theater, oriented toward the Taburno, has a diameter of 90 meters and could house up to 10,000 spectators; it was covered with polychrome marble decorated with plaster and mosaics. During the 18th century on one extremity of the hemicycle was built the church of Santa Maria della Verità. The archaeologist Almerico Meomartini at the end of the 19th century promised the restoration but the works ended only in 1957; from that moment the theater is used for theater, dance, and opera performances. But has been lost a part of the marble cover; until today have survived the cavea, the scenery and the first two arches.
- A large cryptoporticus 60 m long, known as the ruins of Santi Quaranta, and probably an emporium. According to Meomartini, the portion preserved is only a fraction of the whole, which once measured 520 m in length.
- A brick arch called Arco del Sacramento.
- The Ponte Leproso, a bridge on the Via Appia over the Sabato river, below the city center.
- Thermae along the road to Avellino.
- The Bue Apis, popularly known as Aufara ("buffalo"). It is a basement in the shape of an ox or bull coming from the Temple of Isis.
Many inscriptions and ancient fragments may be seen built into the old houses. In 1903 the foundations of the Temple of Isis were discovered close to the Arch of Trajan, and many fragments of fine sculptures in both the Egyptian and the Greco-Roman style belonging to it were found. They had apparently been used as the foundation of a portion of the
Santa Sofia
The church of Santa Sofia is a circular Lombard edifice dating to c. 760, now modernized, of small proportions, and is one of the main examples of religious Lombard architecture. The plan consists of a central hexagon with, at each vertex, columns taken from the temple of Isis; these are connected by arches which support the cupola. The inner hexagon is in turn enclosed in a decagonal ring with eight white limestone pillars and two columns next to the entrance. The church has a fine cloister of the 12th century, constructed in part of fragments of earlier buildings.[6] This cloister today is the location of the Museo del Sannio. The church interior was once totally frescoed by Byzantine artists: fragments of these paintings, portraying the Histories of Christ, can be still seen in the two side apses.
Santa Sofia was almost destroyed by the earthquake of 1688, and rebuilt in Baroque forms by commission of the then cardinal Orsini of Benevento (later Pope Benedict XIII). The original forms were hidden, and were recovered only after the discussed restoration of 1951.
In 2011, it became a
The Cathedral
The
Rocca dei Rettori
The castle of Benevento, best known as Rocca dei Rettori or Rocca di Manfredi, stands at the highest point of the town, commanding the valley of the rivers Sabato and Calore, and the two main ancient roads Via Appia and Via Traiana. The site had been already used by the Samnites, who had constructed here a set of defensive terraces, and the Romans, with a thermal plant (Castellum aquae), whose remains can be still seen in the castle garden. The Benedictines had a monastery there. It received the current name in the Middle Ages, when it became the seat of the Papal governors, the Rettori.
The castle is in fact made by two distinct edifices: the Torrione ("Big Tower"), which was built by the Lombards starting from 871, and the Palazzo dei Governatori, built by the Popes from 1320.
Other sights
- The Roman theatre. It was built in the Hadrian era, completed under Caracalla between 200 and 210 A.D. It is one of the few buildings of Roman times and testifies the importance reached by benevento after the opening of the Via Appia Traiana. It is located in the western part of the city. The stratified houses over the centuries on the theatre have probably contributed to its conservation. The remains, brought to light and restored in the last post-war period, reveal that it was a three-storey building conceived with criteria of particular grandeur, as demonstrated by the richness of some ornamentations and the feeling that in the theater there were place for 20,000 people. Currently only the lower order of the building remains: the arches of the facade communicate with the interior through a series of corridors alternating with stairs; the semicircular cavea joins at the ends with the scene, while laterally the 'paroids' develop (two corridors that enter in special rooms that served as a meeting place in the breaks of the show); even the scene stands out for the amplitude of the proportions. According to the most reliable assumptions, the theater stood near the forum to which it was connected by some public buildings including the basilica.[50]
- Sant'Ilario. The documentary sources speak of the "Ecclesia Vocabolo Sancti Ylari" from the 12th century, but the excavations carried out date its origin to the 7th\8th century. It is called Sant'Ilario a Port'Aurea, as it is built near the Arch of Trajan. Remains of a pre-existing archaeological area have been found. The church is rectangular in shape and develops on an artificial embankment. In late antiquity, the entire complex was abandoned and buried. The church is composed of an apsed hall in two slightly unequal bells. The cover of the outside is formed by two separate tiburi. The rest of the building is made of materials of result, both as reinforcement in the corners, both with decorative function on the central wall and near the entrance. A Monasterum Sancti Ylari was attached to the church. The church was terribly damaged by the earthquake of 1688. In 1712 it was deconsecrated and used as a farmhouse. The restoration of the entire building was carried out in 2000.[51]
- The Palazzo di Paolo V (16th century).
- The Church of San Salvatore, dating from the High Middle Ages.
- The Gothic Church of San Francesco alla Dogana. Located to the north-east of Piazza del Duomo, incorporated between alleys and palaces in the heart of the historic center, there is Piazza Dogana with the church and convent of San Francesco. Here stood the papal customs, through which the goods passed and were taxed. The thirteenth-century church of San Francesco, that stands in the center of the square, is linked to the coming of the saint in the city, in 1222. It was built by incorporating the ancient church of San Costanzo, which in 1243 was donated to the religious from lords Stampalupo, Del Giudice and Cantalupo. After the earthquake of 1702, the architects Fontana rebuilt the high altar, which Archbishop Vincenzo Maria Orsini consecrated to the Immaculate Virgin. The facade of the church is very simple, the interior is in Gothic style, with a single nave with wooden ceiling. The apse has some frescoes and the church is flanked by two cloisters.[52]
- The Baroque Churches
- of Annunziata, already existing in the medieval era, but entirely rebuilt between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries after the earthquake of 1688, this church is a hall building with three chapels on each side. It assumes particular relevance for its location on a widening that still retains original features of pre-settecentesco plant. In medieval times, after the passage of Benevento under the papal domain, the widening was in fact one of the nodal points of the city, along the Via Annunziata which, starting from the Rocca, followed the southern route of the walls up to Porta Rufina.[53]
- of San Bartolomeo, dedicated to the patron apostle of the city, it replaced, after the earthquakes of 1688 and 1702, the oldest basilica of San Bartolomeo that stood in the area of Piazza Orsini, adjacent to the cathedral. In 1705, in place of the original building, was placed a large baroque fountain destroyed by bombings in 1943. The new basilica, located along Corso Garibaldi, was built between 1726 and 1729 and consecrated by Pope Benedict XIII. It, although partially using a primitive project by Fra Tommaso di Sangiovanni (prior of San Diodato), is in fact the work of Raguzzini to whom we owe not only some substantial planovolumetric modifications, but also the elegant stucco decorations and the two-tiered front overlapping on high plinth.[54]
- of San Filippo.
Territorial subdivisions
Economy
The economy of Benevento area is traditionally agricultural. Main products include vine, olives and tobacco. The main industry is that of food processing (sweets and pasta), although textile, mechanics, and construction companies are present.
Sports
The Stadio Ciro Vigorito is a multi-use stadium in Benevento, which is mostly used as the home venue of Serie B side Benevento Calcio.
Transportation
Benevento is connected to Naples through the modern SS7 Appia state road, and then local roads starting from Arienzo. It is 17 kilometres (11 miles) from the Naples-Bari A16 motorway. The SS372 Telesina state road allows reaching the A1 Naples-Rome, leading to the latter in less than three hours.
Recently, in May 2021, the company Italo also inaugurated its new route that passes by Benevento and connects the city with Milan (in 5 hours and a half) and Rome (2 hours).[55]
Airports
The nearest airports are:
- Salerno-Pontecagnano(QSR) 89 km
- Napoli-Capodichino(NAP) 91 km
Notable people
- Saint Januarius, Bishop of Naples and martyr, possibly born in Benevento
- Alberto di Morra (c.1100 - 1187), later Pope Gregory VIII
- Immanuel Ben Jekuthiel of Benevento, a Jewish grammarian and corrector of the press of Mantua in the 16th century. He was the author of the Jewish textbook Liwyat Hen (1557, Mantua).[56]
- Antonio Sancho de Benevento, a silversmith artist of the Spanish Renaissance and monk of the Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba
- Saint Giuseppe Moscati (1880 - 1927), doctor and first modern physician designated a saint by the Catholic Church
- Menato Boffa (1930 - 1996), racing driver
- Carlotta Nobile (1988 - 2013), Art historian, violinist, blogger and Art Director of Santa Sophia Academy chamber Orchestra
See also
References
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- ^ "Benevento' 43 - la Repubblica.it". Archivio - la Repubblica.it. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "A Benevento un'area intitolata alle 2mila vittime dei bombardamenti americani del '43 | NTR24.TV - News su cronaca, politica, economia, sport, cultura nel Sannio". Retrieved 17 December 2020.
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- ^ Ahimaaz ben Paltiel
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- ^ "BENEVENTO - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ISBN 0-8143-1948-3.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ba-Blo, p. 341, at Google Books
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- ^ a b Truesdell Merrill, Elmer (1901). "Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association - Some Observations on the Arch of Trajan at Beneventum". The Johns Hopkins University Press. 32: 43–63 – via JSTOR.
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