Berdychiv

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Berdychiv Бердичів
City
From top, left to right: Carmelite Monastery St. Barbara's Church District House of Culture
Flag Coat of arms
Berdychiv Location of Berdychiv Show map of Zhytomyr Oblast Berdychiv Berdychiv (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine
Coordinates: 49°54′0″N 28°34′0″E / 49.90000°N 28.56667°E / 49.90000; 28.56667
Country	Ukraine
Oblast	Zhytomyr Oblast
Raion	Berdychiv Raion
Founded	1430
Government
• Head of City Council	S. V. Orliuk
Population  (2022)
• Total	73,046
Website	berdychiv.com.ua

Berdychiv (

Pre-founding

The territory on which the city is located was inhabited as early as the 2nd millennium BC. Bronze Age settlements and the remains of two settlements of the Chernyakhov culture were discovered here.

In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

In 1430, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas (великий князь литовський Вітовт) granted the rights over the area to Kalinik, the procurator (намісник) of Putyvl and Zvenyhorodka, and it is believed that his servant named Berdich founded a khutor (remote settlement) there. However the etymology of the name Berdychiv is not known.

In 1483, Crimean Tatars destroyed the settlement. In 1545, Berdyczów was mentioned as a property of the Polish-Lithuanian magnate Tyszkiewicz family, and in a 1546 document settling the border between Poland and Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian union.^[2]

According to the

The fortified Carmelite monastery was built from 1627 to 1642 with funding from Janusz Tyszkiewicz Łohojski. In 1643, Bishop Andrzej Szołdrski laid the foundation stone of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Saint Michael Archangel and Saint John the Baptist.^[3] Berdyczów became a Catholic pilgrimage destination and an important defensive fortress on the eastern flank of Western Christian civilization.^[3]

The monastery was captured and plundered by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1647.^[4]

In 1687, Teresa Tyszkiewicz married Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza [pl], and Berdyczów passed to the Zawisza family of Łabędź coat of arms.^[3] Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza erected a new manor house in the city.^[3] After the death of Krzysztof Stanisław Zawisza in 1721, the town passed to his daughter Barbara Franciszka, wife of Prince Mikołaj Faustyn Radziwiłł [pl], thus passing to the Radziwiłł family.^[5] Berdyczów flourished during the rule of Kings Augustus III of Poland and Stanisław August Poniatowski.^[5] In 1760 a printing house was founded at the monastery,^[6] which in 1777 printed the oldest Polish encyclopedia for children.

In 1768,

According to the census of 1789,

In the Russian Empire

In 1793, after the

Trade began to decline since 1798, however it revived during the

In 1846, the town had 1893 buildings, 69 of which were brick-made, 11 streets, 80 alleys, and four squares. Honoré de Balzac visited it in 1850 and noted that its unplanned development made it resemble the dance of a polka as some buildings leaned left while others leaned right. In 1857, Polish-British writer Joseph Conrad, regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language, was born in Berdychiv.

Around the turn of the 20th century, Berdychiv counted some 80

After the fall of Tsarist Russia, the town was under control of the newly formed

The Soviet authorities closed most of the town's synagogues by the 1930s.[8] All remaining Jewish cultural and educational institutions were suspended in the second half of the 1930s, before the beginning of World War II.^[14]

The city suffered from the man-made famine Holodomor of 1932-1933. In 2008, the National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region.^[15] The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 2490 people died during Holodomor in 1932-1933.

World War II and the Holocaust

Most civilians from areas near the border did not have a chance to evacuate when the

According to figures from the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission, a total of 10,656 individuals had been murdered here by the end of 1943.[20]

The Nazis likely killed 20,000 to 30,000 Jews in Berdychiv, but a 1973 Ukrainian-language article about the history of Berdychiv says, "The Gestapo killed 38,536 people." (Ukrainian: "Гестапівці стратили 38 536 чоловік.")^[21]

The Germans operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour camp, a Jewish forced labour battalion and temporarily the Stalag 339 prisoner-of-war camp in the town.^{[22][23][24][25]}

Berdychiv was the hometown of Soviet novelist

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022, on March 16, 2022, Berdychiv was damaged by Russian air strikes. A few buildings were torn down.^[27]

Demographics

Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:^[28]

Notable people

Alphabetically by surname. Pseudonyms treated as one word.

• Jacob Pavlovitch Adler
  (birthplace of his mother, Hessye Halperin)
• Honoré de Balzac (married in Berdychiv)
• Joseph Conrad (1857–1924), Polish and British writer
• John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demjanjuk; 1920–2012), Ukrainian-American accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity carried out while serving as a guard at Nazi extermination camps during World War II
• Der Nister, pen name of Pinchus Kahanovich (1884–1950), Yiddish author, philosopher, translator, and critic
• Charles Joachim Ephrussi, the patriarch of the Ephrussi family grain dynasty
• Lipa Feingold (1878–1945), American jeweler and composer
• Abraham Firkovich, Karaite hakham
• Abraham Goldfaden (1840–1908), considered the father of the Jewish modern theatre
• Israel Grodner (c. 1848 – 1887), one of the founding performers in Yiddish theater
• Vasily Grossman (1905–1964), Soviet Russian writer and journalist
• Felix Lembersky, fine arts, painter (1913–1970), born and raised in Berdychiv, worked as theater stage designer
• Raquel Liberman (1900–35), Jewish-Polish victim of human trafficking who broke up the notorious Zwi Migdal forced-prostitution ring in Argentina.
• Osip Mikhailovich Lerner (Y. Y. Lerner), writer, critic, and folklorist
• Viacheslav Mishchenko (born 1964), Ukrainian photo artist and painter
• Mendele Mocher Sforim, pen name of Sholem Yankev Abramovich, Jewish author and one of the founders of modern Yiddish and Hebrew literature
• Pedotser, whose real name was A.M. Kholodenko (1828-1902), a Klezmer violin virtuoso
• Antoni Protazy Potocki, szlachta (owned and organized several factories in the village of Makhnivka, near Berdychiv)
• Anatoliy Puzach (1941–2006), Soviet football player and Ukrainian coach
• Jewish Daily Forward newspaper in New York, journalist, political and economic scientist, the statesman of the Soviet Union
  .
• Sholem Aleichem, pen name of Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich (1859–1916), leading Yiddish author and playwright, lived here doing research for his novels in the 1880s
• Boris Sidis (1867–1923), Ukrainian American psychologist, physician, psychiatrist, and philosopher of education
• Valeriy Skvortsov (1945–) Soviet high jumper; European champion
• Stempenyu, stage name of Iosef Druker (1822–79), a klezmer violin virtuoso and bandleader
• Dmytro Tymchuk (1972–2019) Ukrainian Army Reserve colonel, "informatsiinyi sprotyv" group coordinator
• Hasidic dynasty
  .

Some sources erroneously claim that the pianist Vladimir Horowitz was born in Berdychiv. Horowitz's birth certificate unequivocally gives Kyiv as his birthplace.^[29]

Gallery

• 
  Church of St. Barbara
• 
  Carmelite monastery
• 
  Carmelite monastery
• 
  A dwelling house in Berdychiv
• 
  Former commercial college
• 
  Former hospital building
• 
  Grossman's Mansion, Berdychiv
• 
  Synagogue
• 
  Nikolska Church
• 
  Jewish cemetery

Berdychiv on stage

See: Abraham Ellstein

See also

• History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union
• Berdichev machine-building plant

References