Berrick Salome
Berrick Salome | ||
---|---|---|
Shire county | ||
Region | ||
Country | England | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Post town | Wallingford | |
Postcode district | OX10 | |
Dialling code | 01865 | |
Police | Thames Valley | |
Fire | Oxfordshire | |
Ambulance | South Central | |
UK Parliament | ||
Website | Berrick and Roke Village Website | |
Berrick Salome
Toponym
Berewic is Old English for "barley farm"[4] and Salome is from the surname "Sulham". In the 13th century, Aymar de Sulham held the manor.[4] There is a Britwell Salome about 3 miles (5 km) to the east, and Sulham is a parish in Berkshire on the River Thames near Reading. Prior: Berrick Prior is the corn farm belonging to the Prior of Canterbury (see below: 'Middle Ages'). Liam Tiller gives early versions of the name as Berewiche (1086) and Berewick (1210, 1258).[5] Moreau quotes later versions found in The Place-names of Oxfordshire,[6] as Berrick Sullame (1571), Berwick Sallome (1737, 1797), and, by the time of the 1863 Inclosure Award, Berrick Salome. In fact, the modern spelling can be found much earlier: the 1830 OS one inch map, reproduced in Ditmas,[7] shows Berwick Salome, though in a smaller typeface than Berwick Prior.
Geography
Berrick seems to have been first settled because it had a reliable source of water. Springs rise to the north-east of the parish at the junction of the
Parish Church
Church history
It is uncertain when the church was first established in Berrick but the fact that it is dedicated to
Also unusual is the story Moreau had from the Treasurer of Christ Church, Oxford, about the intervention, in 1853, by the vicar of Beckley, some 15 miles (24 km) away, who persuaded Christ Church to buy a plot of land to build a new church at Berrick Littleworth because "the present church at Berwick is very badly situated for the people at Berwick and very far from Roke".[19] No new church for Berrick was built and control of the land, in Berrick parish, was given to the incumbent of Benson until it was sold over a century later.[20] Perhaps the college preferred not to give control to the then Rector of Berrick, the radical Robert French Laurence, for fear that he would use the land to house the poor.
Church building
The church is 65 feet (20 m) long and the top of the
"A photograph of
Economic and social history
Middle Ages
The
The northern boundary was set in the early 11th century when a
The village boundaries seem to have developed haphazardly from the earliest times and remained complicated even after the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882 which, locally, resolved only the position of some distant water meadows and invasive parts of Benson. A county-wide rationalisation in 1931[38] sorted out 'amongst others a patchwork of detached elements east of the village. Finally, in 1993, the four hamlets were unified within simple boundaries. Outside its eastern boundary, Berrick Salome parish included five exclaves, all beyond the Ewelme-Chalgrove road, in an area where there were also detached parts of both Benson and Ewelme parishes,[39] while the southern boundary used to wind around the houses in Roke and Rokemarsh so that most of the residents were in Benson.[40] Only the western boundary was relatively simple, but even there, the parish had once included water meadows on the River Thame, south-west of Newington and about 2 miles (3 km) from Berrick.[41] Within the boundaries, there were, in the centre of Berrick, midway between the Chequers and the southern fork, two houses and some plots of land which were detached parts of Benson parish.[42]
18th and 19th centuries
St Helen's parish church is the only significant building and, as the Rev George Villiers
Thomas Newton persisted for decades and, in 1827, promoted a Parliamentary Bill which other farmers opposed. The opposition was led by three substantial farmers: John Franklin of Ewelme, Edward Shrubb of Benson and John Hutchings of Berrick Salome; who were all concerned because "the common fields of Benson were so intermixed with those of Berrick and Ewelme that no measure could succeed unless it dealt with all three parishes."[48] The opposition was successful, largely thanks to the work of their lawyer, George Eyre, of another Ewelme farming family.[49] However the Bill was presented again every November at the start of each new parliamentary session, opposed on each occasion, and in November 1830, local farm workers took part in the Swing Riots which, though directed against enclosures, involved Luddite-style machine breaking. Some of the rioters were punished with transportation.[50]
It was not until 1852, after the death of Thomas Newton, that the Inclosure Act for Benson, Berrick Salome and Ewelme was finally passed,[51] and the Inclosure Commissioners then took another 11 years to make their Award. This must have affected nearly half the households in Berrick Salome, but Moreau found no impression that the change had disrupted village life.[52] And the Inclosure Award did provide two great benefits to the villagers. The first was the allotment of 3 acres, 2 roods and 25 poles (about 1.5 hectares) "unto the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor" of Berrick Salome "to be held by them and their successors in trust as a place for exercise and recreation for the inhabitants."[53] In Moreau's day the annual cricket match was still held on this field. In the 19th century and early 20th century when every Saturday afternoon in the cricket season there was a match and Berrick Salome 'never got beat' (according to one old man interviewed by Moreau in the 1960s).[54] The second was the allocation of 2 acres and 10 perches (about 0.84 hectares) to "the Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor" of Berrick Salome "to be held by them and their successors in trust as an allotment for the labouring poor of the said parish."[53] If his family were not to go hungry, the now landless peasant needed his pig, his garden and his allotment. Until well into the 20th century, few of the rural poor had any employment opportunities other than that as farm labourers.
Another, and less welcome, feature of the Award was the declaration of several dozen traditional roads, ways and tracks (mainly crossing common land) as 'discontinued and stopped'.
Rev. Robert French Laurence (1807–85), who was vicar of
Moreau recorded five licensed premises selling mainly beer to a local population of about 300 at the turn of the century.
20th century
Moreau reported that, at the turn of the century, an adult 'day man' [full-time adult worker] was paid about 12
The village is still surrounded by farmland but, by the end of the century, there was only one working farm left in Berrick – Manor Farm – and that was run by the farmer and his wife. There are six other properties which still bear the names of the little farms which used to occupy their sites.
Other local trades also declined in the 20th century. As noted above, there were five
Queen Emma's gift had the incidental result of putting the Berrick village pond into Newington parish. In the 1930s, according to Moreau, "the person who had acquired the little properties to the north-east of the pond enclosed it [the pond]"[75] and, although the Berrick villagers objected strongly, only Newington had the right to challenge the enclosure under the Commons Act 1876. Newington apparently took no action.[76] In The Berrick and Roke Millennium Book, the owners of the house provide another view of the event. The three little properties had been combined into one by Alan Franklin in the mid-1930s and were sold to a Mrs Hills in 1936. "Rumour has it that she fenced in the drover's pond. However the Title Deeds quite clearly show the pond was included in the land transferred to her."[77]
Berrick Salome's population increased towards the end of the 20th century. The 1901 Census recorded 103 inhabitants,[78] the 1971 Census recorded 99,[79] but the 1981 Census recorded 152[80] and the 1991 Census recorded 163.[81] These census figures for both population and household numbers relate only to Berrick Salome parish within its pre-1993 boundaries. Moreau reckoned that "around 1900 there were about 75 households in the whole group of hamlets, 35 of them within the boundaries of Berrick Salome parish"[82] and "when I came to live in Berrick Salome in 1947 there were 28 households strictly within the boundaries of the parish, another 8 just outside them to the north in Berrick Prior, about 11 more in the Benson part of Roke, and 14 in Rokemarsh... 61 altogether".[83] He adds that "one block of three [one-up and one-down] cottages, now [in 1968] occupied by one old lady, is said to have at one time housed twenty people".[58] The number of households increased from 36 in the 1971 Census[79] to 52 in the 1981 Census[80] and to 56 in the 1991 Census.[81]
Acknowledgments
- The late Mrs Irene Franklin – lifelong Berrick Prior resident who died early in 2013.
- Susan Radice – Berrick Salome resident who, in 1999, researched the original 'Village History' for inclusion in The Berrick and Roke Millennium Book. Her work was added to Wikipedia in 2005 and forms a major source for this article.
- Chris and Mary Whittle – former Berrick Salome residents
See also
Notes
- ^ Chambers Concise 20th Century Dictionary (1985) defines a 'peculiar' as a parish exempt from the jurisdiction of the diocesan bishop
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999: by reference to the stated occupations of residents of old cottages
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999: numbers of houses shown on the maps, with The Chequers and Hollandtide Cottage counted as Berrick Prior, and Roke Farm Cottages as Rokemarsh.
References
- ^ Miller 1971, p. 14.
- Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999, pp. 9–12. (S Radice)
- ^ a b Pearman 1896[page needed]
- ^ a b c d Tiller, L. "History". St Helen's Church, Berrick Salome. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
- ^ Gelling 1953–54[page needed]
- ^ Ditmas 2009, pp. 193–212.
- Ordnance Survey of Great Britain. 1980. § Sheet 254.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 17.
- ^ a b c Moreau 1968, p. 98
- ^ Holmes, C, in Tiller 1999, p. 19
- ^ Garmondsway 1953, p. 51.
- ^ a b Holmes, C, in Tiller 1999, p. 24
- ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 99
- ^ a b c Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 452
- ^ Taylor & Taylor 1965.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 96.
- ^ Tiller 1999, p. 118.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 110.
- ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 111.
- ^ a b Anonymous 1926, pp. 786–7.
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 369.
- ^ Sherwood & Pevsner 1974, p. 587.
- ^ "History". Waterperry Village. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
- ^ Lyford, Oxfordshire, photograph of church, Accessed 24 May 2013
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 100.
- ^ "Berrick Salome". Towers. Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bell Ringers, South Oxfordshire Branch. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ a b c Baldwin, Sid (12 December 2011). "Bell Founders". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ a b c Davies, Peter (5 January 2007). "Berrick Salome S Helen". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ a b Salzman 1939, p. 419
- ^ a b Holmes, C, in Tiller 1999, p. 27
- ^ Salzman 1939, p. 377.
- ^ a b Ditmas 2009, p. 37
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 13.
- ^ Lobel 1964, pp. 43–55.
- ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 9–10.
- ^ First General Review of County Districts and Parishes by the Oxfordshire County Council, 1931
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 8.
- ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 10.
- ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Articles of enquiry addressed to the clergy of the diocese of Oxford at the Primary Visitation of Dr Thomas Secker, 1738. Oxfordshire Record Society. 1957.[page needed]
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 21.
- ^ Tiller 1999, p. 99.
- ^ Salzman 1939, p. 408.
- ^ Tiller 1999, p. 101.
- ^ Tiller 1999, p. 102.
- ^ Tiller 1999, pp. 102–4.
- ^ Tiller 1999, pp. 105–7.
- ^ Act 16 Vic. c 3
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 23.
- ^ a b Inclosure Commissioners, Berrick Salome Inclosure Award, 1863
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 86.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 133.
- ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 134.
- ^ Richard Davis, Oxfordshire [2 inch map], 1797
- ^ a b c Moreau 1968, p. 135
- ^ a b c "Robert French Laurence, priest, social reformer, 23rd April 1885". Diocese of Oxford.
- ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 129.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 58.
- ^ a b Moreau 1968, p. 57.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 139.
- ^ Moreau 1968, facing pp. 24, 25.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 66.
- ^ Parliamentary Papers 1905, xcvii, p. 348. cited in Tiller 1999, p. 123
- ^ Reid, A, in Tiller 1999, p. 138
- ^ Sharp 1948, p. 58.
- ^ Lewchuk 1987, p. 155.
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999, pp. 86–89.
- ^ M40 motorway, accessed 21 May 2013
- ^ Moreau 1968, facing p. 24.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 155.
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999, p. 60.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 19.
- ^ Moreau 1968, pp. 19–20.
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999, p. 63.
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999, p. 31.
- ^ a b 1971 Census County Report for Oxfordshire (Part 1); Bullingdon RD; Berrick Salome
- ^ a b 1981 Census: Ward and Civil Parish Monitor – Oxfordshire, pp. 18, 19
- ^ a b 1991 Census: Ward and Civil Parish Monitor – Oxfordshire, p. 10
- ^ MillenniumBook 1999, p. 29.
- ^ Moreau 1968, p. 28.
Sources
- Anonymous (1926). "An Unspoilt Village, Berrick Prior, Oxfordshire". The Builder. 130: 786–7.
- Anonymous (1999). The Berrick and Roke Millennium Book. Berrick Salome and Roke Parish Council.
- Ditmas, EMR (2009). The Ditmas History of Benson. Wallingford: Pie Powder Press. pp. 193–212.
- Garmondsway, GN, ed. (1953). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 51.
- Gelling, M (1953–54). The Place-names of Oxfordshire. Vol. Parts 1 & 2. Cambridge: English Place-Name Society.
- Lewchuk, W (1987). American technology and the British vehicle industry. Cambridge: ISBN 9780521302692.
- Lobel, Mary D, ed. (1964). A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 8: Lewknor and Pyrton Hundreds. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 43–55.
- ISBN 0-19-211186-8.
- Miller, GM (1971). BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 14.
- Oxfordshire Federation of Women's Institutes (1994). Oxfordshire within living memory. Tackley: Countryside Books. ISBN 1-85306-304-5.
- Pearman, MT (1896). A History of the Manor of Bensington. London: Elliot Stock.
- Salzman, LF, ed. (1939). A History of the County of Oxford. Victoria County History. Vol. 1: Natural history, etc. London: Oxford University Press for the University of London Institute of Historical Research.
- Sharp, Thomas(1948). Oxford Replanned. London: The Architectural Press.
- Sherwood, Jennifer; ISBN 0-14-071045-0.
- Soper, Mike (1995). Years of Change. Ipswich: Farming Press Ltd. ISBN 0-85236-313-3.
- Taylor, HM; Taylor, J (1965). Anglo-Saxon Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Tiller, Kate, ed. (1999). Benson: A Village Through its History. Wallingford: Pie Powder Press. ISBN 0-948598-10-7.
- Tiller, Liam (2011). "The Restoration of Berrick Salome Church". ISSN 0308-5562.
External links
- Berrick and Roke Village Website
- Tiller, Liam. "History". St Helen's Church Berrick Salome.
- Macadam, Edwin; Macadam, Shiela. "Oxfordshire Berrick Salome St Helen". West Gallery Churches.