Black shamanism
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Black shamanism (Mongolian: Хар бөө) is a kind of shamanism practiced in Mongolia and Siberia. It is specifically opposed to yellow shamanism, which incorporates rituals and traditions from Buddhism.[1][2] Black Shamans are usually perceived as working with evil spirits, while white Shamans with spirits of the upper world.[3]
Black shamans were thought to be able to stop demons by conversing with the spirits of human dead, turn into animals, fly, and go into trances.[4]
Buddhism entered Mongolia in the sixteenth century after the conversion of
Spirit world and class
Klaus Hesse described the complex spiritual hierarchy in clan-based Mongolian society based on sources that go back to the 13th century. The highest group in the pantheon consisted of 99 tngri (55 of them benevolent or "white" and 44 terrifying or "black"), 77 natigai or "earth-mothers", besides others. The tngri were called upon only by leaders and great shamans and were common to all the clans. After these, three groups of ancestral spirits dominated. The "Lord-Spirits" were the souls of clan leaders to whom any member of a clan could appeal for physical or spiritual help. The "Protector-Spirits" included the souls of great shamans (ĵigari) and shamanesses (abĵiya). The "Guardian-Spirits" were made up of the souls of smaller shamans (böge) and shamanesses (idugan) and were associated with a specific locality (including mountains, rivers, etc.) in the clan's territory.[5]
The difference between great, white and small, black (in shamans, tngri, etc.) was also formative in a
Black shamanism in Mongolia
According to Otgony Purev, the practice goes back to
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Pegg 2001, p. 141
- ^ a b c d Shimamura 2004, pp. 649–650
- ISBN 9781583949986
- ISBN 978-0-306-82395-4.
- ^ Hesse 1987, p. 405
- ^ Hesse 1987, pp. 405–406
Sources
- Hesse, Klaus (1987). "On the History of Mongolian Shamanism in Anthropological Perspective". Anthropos. 82 (4–6): 403–13. JSTOR 40463470.
- Мелетинский, Е.М. (1998). "ЦАГАН ЭБУГЕН". Мифология (4th ed.). Большая российская энциклопедия.
- Pegg, Carole (2001). Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295981123. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- Shimamura, Ippei (2004). "Yellow Shamans (Mongolia)". In Walter, Mariko Namba; Neumann Fridman, Eva Jane (eds.). Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 649–651. ISBN 9781576076453. Archived from the originalon 2014-07-15.