Boyash

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.
Boyash
Total population
≈ 14,000[1]
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Boyash or Bayash (

endonym: Bȯjáṡ, Romanian: Băieși, Hungarian: Beás, Slovak: Bojáš, South Slavic: Banjaši, Bojaši) refers to a Romani ethnic group living in Romania, southern Hungary, northeastern and northwestern Croatia, western Vojvodina, Slovakia, the Balkans, but also in the Americas.[2] Alternative names are Rudari (Ludari), Lingurari and Zlătari.[3]

History

Transilvania

The Boyash or Băieși (in Romanian) are a branch/

slaves in mining (a regionalism for mine in Romanian: "baie," from Middle Age Slavonic).[4][page needed
]

At the end of the 16th century the Boyash started migrating towards the south, in Wallachia, and the east, in Moldavia, where they were held as slaves together with other Romani groups (until the slavery was abolished in 1855–56).[4][page needed]

Another name for the Boyash, Rudari, comes from the

utensils (Lingurari means "spoon-makers" in Romanian; also cf. Serbian ruda, Hungarian rúd, Romanian rudă meaning "relative", but also "rod, pole, stick"). The nickname Kashtale ("wood-workers") was also given to them by the Romani-speaking Roma and it has remained in Romani as a more general word for a Rom who does not speak Romani.[4][page needed
] After the point at which they began to make wood tools they scattered themselves in isolated communities. The consequence of this is that nowadays they speak a distinct archaic dialect of Romanian, with borrowings from other surrounding languages.[4][page needed]

Population

Bayaches carry mixers for sale

After the liberation of the Roma from slavery (by the middle of the 19th century), many

the Balkans, but also as far as the Americas, South Africa and Australia.[5]

In 1993, about 14,000 of the 280,000 recorded Hungarian Roma were Boyash.[6]

In

Baranja with an overflow of settlers living in the Apatin county of Vojvodina, Serbia.[7] 2005 saw the Boyash language of Croatia published in its own alphabet for the first time in the Catholic Catechism, published by the HBK Glas Koncila in Zagreb.[8] In 2007, the first Bible—a children's Bible—was published by OM EAST in Austria and facilitated by The Romani Bible Union.[9]

Names in other languages

In English, the commonly accepted name for the ethnic group is Boyash, however in contemporary Bulgaria the terms Ludari and Rudari are in common use, while in Romania both terms are present in some form: Rudari and Băieși.[10]

For the same ethnic group in

Serbian Banat region, e.g. the village of Uljma.[13]

They are also known by many appellations based on trades; in addition to Rudari/Ludari ("miners", from Serbian and Bulgarian ruda "ore, metal") they are known as Kopanari ("cradle-makers", from Serbian and Bulgarian kopanja "wooden box"), Koritari ("trough-makers"), Lingurara ("spoon-makers", cf. Romanian lingură "spoon") and Ursari (cf. Romanian urs "bear") or Mechkara ("bear-trainers").[14]

Education

Education in the Romanian language is available only for the Banyash living in Romanian villages in the Serbian Banat, as well as in Hungary, in the subdialect of the Romanian language spoken by Boyash communities in (central and western) Hungary.[15]

During the last few years there have been several attempts on behalf of local non-governmental organizations in East Bačka region to introduce optional classes in Romanian.[16] According to 2004 field research data, only two such projects are still going on there: optional classes in Romanian in the village of Vajska, and kindergarten in the local Ardeal dialect in Bački Monoštor, attended by 20 pupils altogether.[17]

References

Notes

  1. OCLC 263614930
    .
  2. ^ "The Ludar". www.smithsonianeducation.org.
  3. ISBN 9781365197734
    .
  4. ^
    OCLC 895419776
    .
  5. ISBN 9789287160515
    .
  6. OCLC 263614930
    .
  7. ISBN 9789630387828
    .
  8. ISBN 9789630387828
    .
  9. ^ "Bibles for Communist Europe – A Cold War Story – Part I - Hungarian Review". www.hungarianreview.com.
  10. ISBN 9789287169457
    .
  11. ISBN 9781136280658
    .
  12. ISBN 9789638577467
    .
  13. ISBN 9788671790482
    .
  14. ISBN 9781902806075
    .
  15. ^ Cf. a (.pdf) paper issued by the Hungarian ministry of education (as of May 25, 2006) containing the official schools curriculum for Boyash pupils, reading, writing and the type of tests and examinations in their language, which is based on the Romanian subdialects spoken in western Transylvania (esp. in Crișana) and Banat, containing numerous borrowings from the Hungarian language; the script is an adaptation based on Hungarian and Romanian graphems :"Beás nyelv emelt szintű írásbeli vizsga, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-03-29. .
  16. ISBN 9781478610410
    .
  17. ISBN 9789639116641
    .

Bibliography

Studies about Boyash Gypsies in Hungary Studies about Boyash Gypsies in Hungary book Google Books Zsuzsanna Bódi - 1997

External links

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