Romani people in France

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Romani people in France, generally known in spoken

The first Roma came to France in 1418, to the town of Colmar. In 1419 more Romani arrived in Provence and Savoy. Nine years later the first Roma were recorded in Paris. In 1802 there was a determined campaign to clear Roma from the French Basque provinces. More than 500 Roma were captured and imprisoned pending their planned deportation to the French colony of Louisiana. The colony was, however, sold in 1803 to the United States.^[2]

Origin

The Romani people originated in Northern India,^{[3][4][5][6][7]} presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab.^[6]

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a large part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts and daily routines.^[8]

More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with

In France the Romani people are typically classified into three groups:

• "Roms", who come from territories in eastern Europe
• "Manouches", also known as "Sinté" (in Germany and Holland: Sinti), who often have familial ties in Germany and Italy
• "Gitans", who trace their familial ties to
  Romani people in Spain^[12]

The term "Romanichel" is considered pejorative in France,^[13] and "Bohémien" is outdated. The French National Gendarmerie referred to them in an ethnic database by the acronym "MENS" ("Minorités Ethniques Non-Sédentarisées"), an administrative term meaning "Travelling Ethnic Minorities". However this usage is not widely used, since this ethnic database was secret as creating ethnic data is illegal in France.^[14]

The exact numbers of Romani people in France are not known, with estimates varying from 20,000 to 400,000. The French Romani rights group FNASAT reports that at least 12,000 Romani, who have immigrated from Romania and Bulgaria, live in unofficial urban camps throughout the country. French authorities often attempt to close down these encampments. In 2009, the government sent more than 10,000 Romani back to Romania and Bulgaria.^[15]

In 2009, the European Committee of Social Rights found France had violated the European Social Charter (rights to housing, right to protection against poverty and social exclusion, right of the family to protection) in respect to Romani population from foreign countries.^[16]

• 
  Guitar player Django Reinhardt.
• 
  Ritual bath in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, a shrine associated with Romani people.
• 
  A seal on a document on the

  concentration camp

  " (1943).

Repatriations

In 2010 and 2011, the French government organized repatriation flights to send Romanian Romanis to Romania. On 12 April, a chartered flight carrying 160 Romani left northern France for Timișoara. As in the 2010 deportations, the French government gave those Romani leaving France €300 each, with €100 for each child. The Romani on the 12 April flight were forced to sign declarations that they would never return to France.^[17]

On 9 August, the city of Marseille in southern France forcibly evicted 100 Romani people from a makeshift camp near Porte d'Aix, giving them 24 hours to leave.^[18] A chartered flight carrying approximately 150 Romani to Romania left the Lyon area on 20 September.^[19] France's goal for 2011 was to deport 30,000 Romani to Romania.^[20] As of 2012, France sent about 8,000 Romani to Romania and Bulgaria in 2011, after dismantling camps where they were living on the outskirts of cities. The actions prompted controversy and calls for greater inclusion of Romani people.^[21]

Racism

Prejudiced views of Romani are widespread in France, with a 2014

Rumors and fake news stories of a white van occupied by Romani attempting to abduct children or young women have spread across the French internet on multiple occasions. A number of violent incidents against Romani occurred in March 2019 after rumors of Romani kidnapping children spread on Facebook and Snapchat. Two people in a white van were attacked by 20 youths in Colombes on 16 March. On 25 March, 50 people attacked a Roma camp in Bobigny with sticks and knives, burning several vans, and a separate group of Romani were chased and attacked in Clichy-sous-Bois.^[24] Similar incidents occurred in Aubervilliers, Bondy and Noisy-le-Sec.^[25]

Notable individuals

See also

• Cascarots, a group of Romani in the Basque Country
• Erromintxela
  , a group of Romani in the Basque Country with their own language
• Gypsy jazz § France

References