Brandenburgers
Battalion – December 1939 Division – February 1943 – March 1944 Panzergrenadier-Division – 1944–1945. | |
---|---|
Active | 1939–1945 |
Country | Nazi Germany |
Branch | German Army |
Type | Special forces |
Size | Company (initial) Division (at peak) |
Part of | Abwehr |
Garrison/HQ | Stendal Friedenthal |
Nickname(s) | 'Brandenburg' |
Engagements | World War II |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | Theodor von Hippel Adrian von Fölkersam |
The Brandenburgers (German: Brandenburger) were members of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht special forces unit during World War II.[1]
Originally, the unit was formed by and operated as an extension of the military's intelligence organ, the Abwehr. Members of this unit took part in seizing operationally important targets by way of sabotage and infiltration. Being foreign German nationals who were convinced Nazi volunteers, constituent members had lived abroad and were proficient in foreign languages as well as being familiar with the way of life in the area of operations where they were deployed.
The Brandenburg Division was generally subordinated to the army groups in individual commands and operated throughout
Background and membership
The unit was the brainchild of Hauptmann (captain) Theodor von Hippel, who, after having his idea rejected by the Reichswehr, approached Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, commander of the German Intelligence Service, the Abwehr. Hippel proposed that small units, trained in sabotage and fluent in foreign languages, could operate behind enemy lines and wreak havoc with the enemy's command, communication and logistical tails.[2] Canaris was at first against the proposal as he viewed such measures similar to what the Bolsheviks had done and was suspicious of Hippel's motives. Still determined to form the unit, Hippel looked to his section chief, Helmuth Groscurth, who supported the unit's formation and the two men conferred on the matter on 27 September 1939.[3] Just a few days after their meeting, the Army General Staff put forth a directive authorizing the creation of "a company of saboteurs for the West."[4] As part of the Abwehr's 2nd Department, Hippel was tasked with creating the unit.[5] Originally, the unit Hippel assembled was named the Deutsche Kompagnie, then later on 25 October it became the Baulehr-kompagnie 800 and then again on 10 January 1940, the unit was called the Bau-Lehr-Bataillon z.b.V. 800 (800th Special Duties Construction Training Battalion); but its later more widely known epithet, "the Brandenburgers", stemmed from the name of the unit's first permanent quarters.[4]
Training for the men in the Brandenburg Division ranged from five to seven months and included course instruction on reconnaissance, swimming, hand-to-hand combat, demolitions, marksmanship in both German and Allied weapons, conventional infantry tactics, and other specialized training.
Many of the Brandenburgers were misfits who could hardly be characterized as conventional soldiers, due in large part to the nature of their operations. They would mingle with enemy soldiers, secretly countermand orders, redirect military convoys, and disrupt communications, all the while collecting intelligence.[8] Ahead of the primary invasion forces in the USSR, operatives from the Brandenburg Division seized bridges and strategically important installations in clandestine missions lasting for weeks before they linked up with advancing forces.[8]
The predecessor formation to the Brandenburg Division was the Freikorps Ebbinghaus, which originated before the invasion of Poland in 1939. Colonel Erwin von Lahousen (and the defense groups of military districts VIII and XVII) from within Department II of the Abwehr, put together small K-Trupps (fighting squads), which consisted of Polish-speaking Silesians and ethnic Germans, whose job it was to occupy key positions and hold them until the arrival of regular Wehrmacht units.[citation needed][a] The first members of the "K-Trupps" were German nationals. Generally, these men were civilians who had never served in the army but were briefly trained by the "Abwehr" and were led by army officers. After the Polish campaign, this changed as these commandos became members of the Wehrmacht. Despite their seeming lack of prior experience, the demands placed on these newly formed commandos were high.[10] It was mandatory that they be volunteers for this duty. They were also expected to be agile, capable of improvising, endowed with initiative and team spirit, highly competent in foreign languages and in their dealings with foreign nationals, and capable of the most demanding physical performance.[11] Eventually, the early guiding principle that required members of the Division Brandenburg to be volunteers ended with their increasing use and integration with the regular army.[12]
Operations
The night before the invasion of Poland (Plan White) in September 1939, small groups of German special forces dressed in civilian clothes crossed the Polish border to seize key strategic points before dawn on the day of the invasion.
On 15 December 1939 the company was expanded and re-designated as the Brandenburg Battalion.[19] After its formation, the soldiers of the new special unit were initially employed to protect the Romanian oil fields and later chrome ore supplies from Turkey.[20] The battalion consisted of four companies, organised along linguistic lines:
- 1st company - men from Baltic/Russian territories
- 2nd company - Volksdeutsche from Romania;[21]
- 3rd company - Sudeten Germans who spoke Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian
- 4th company - Volksdeutsche from Yugoslavia
In addition, the battalion contained volunteers who had lived in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.[22][d]
A platoon of Brandenburgers took part in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Scandinavia in April 1940, during which they secured strategic properties in Denmark and Norway.[23]
During the spring 1940 invasions of
The unit was again deployed in
In early August 1942, a Brandenburg unit of 62 Baltic and Sudeten Germans led by Adrian von Fölkersam penetrated farther into enemy territory than any other German unit. They had been ordered to seize and secure the vital Maikop oilfields. Disguised as NKVD men, and driving Soviet trucks, Fölkersam's unit passed through the Soviet front lines and moved deep into hostile territory. The Brandenburgers ran into a large group of Red Army soldiers fleeing from the front. Fölkersam saw an opportunity to use them to the unit's advantage. By persuading them to return to the Soviet cause, he was able to join with them and move almost at will through the Soviet lines.[34]
On 26 December 1942, the men of the Parachute Company of the Brandenburg Regiment were transported by gliders in an operation to destroy bridges and supply routes used by the British in North Africa. It was a disaster. Some of the gliders were shot down while flying over enemy lines and others were destroyed approaching their targets. Most of the paratroopers were killed in this operation.[35]
Units of the division were sent to the Balkans to engage in anti-partisan operations.[e]
In mid 1943, many Brandenburger units were moved from the Balkans, and took part in actions to disarm Italian soldiers. One vital area was the island of Kos in the Dodecanese island chain off the coast of Turkey. Kos had been secured by British troops in September 1943, and a large garrison of allied Italian troops was also present. Along with Luftwaffe paratroop forces, Brandenburgers took part in the recapture of the island.[37] On 25 May 1944, members of the division, attached to SS-Fallschirmjäger-Bataillon 500, took part in the unsuccessful Operation Rösselsprung, an airborne operation to capture Yugoslav Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito.[38]
In September 1944 it was decided that special operations units were no longer necessary. The Brandenburg Division became the Infantry Division Brandenburg and transferred to the Eastern front.
In late 1944, the division was equipped with a Panzer Regiment and redesignated Panzergrenadier-Division Brandenburg and returned to the Eastern front. The Brandenburgers were involved in
Sub-battalions
Bergmann Battalion
The
In August 1942, Bergmann went to the
Nachtigall and Roland Battalions
The
In May 1941, the German command decided to split a 700-strong Ukrainian Legion into two battalions: Nachtigall ("Nightingale") and Roland Battalion. Training for Nachtigall took place in Neuhammer near Schlessig. On the Ukrainian side, the commander was Roman Shukhevych and on the German, Theodor Oberländer. (Oberländer was later to become Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and War Victims in the Federal Republic of Germany.) Ex-Brandenburger Oberleutnant Dr. Hans-Albrecht Herzner was placed in military command of the Battalion. The Nachtigall unit was outfitted in the standard Wehrmacht uniforms. Before entering Lviv, they placed blue and yellow ribbons on their shoulders.[49] In comparison to Nachtigall – which used ordinary Wehrmacht uniform – the Roland Battalion was outfitted in the Czechoslovakian uniform with yellow armband with text "Im Dienst der Deutschen Wehrmacht" (In the service of the German Wehrmacht). They were given Austrian helmets from World War I.[50]
The battalion was set up by the Abwehr and organized by
See also
Notes
- ^ A large number of the recruits were small-time criminals who fled from Poland.See: Wrzesień 1939 na Śląsku (September 1939 in Silesia) – p. 37 Paweł Dubiel – 1963.
- ^ By no means was the Brandenburg Division the only German special operations unit of the Second World War, as they also had Otto Skorzeny's Friedenthaler Jagdverbände (which rescued Mussolini) and the Airborne Kampfgeschwader 200.[15]
- ^ See: The fate of Polish children during the last war by Roman Hrabar, Zofia Tokarz, Jacek Edward Wilczur, Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa (Poland) Interpress, 1981; Rocznik przemyski – Volume 21 – p. 130, Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Przemyślu, p. 130 (1982); A więc wojna":ludność cywilna we wrześniu 1939 r. Anna Piekarska, Instytut Pamieci Narodowej (2009) Reviews Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, p. 21.
- ^ The battalion also included motorcycle and paratroop platoons.
- ^ It is an undisputed fact that units of the Brandenburg were used in guerrilla warfare. Covering long distances and violating the martial terms of Hague Convention, the Brandenburg Division was conceived as a special forces unit designed for the sake of partisan warfare. Brandenburgers participated in partisan war in the East, in some cases as a cover for the murder of minorities. Partisan warfare was nevertheless a deadly reality to the German authorities and was actually considered a military necessity. This does not detract in any way or excuse the commission of war crimes by members of the Brandenburg Commandos at the local level by individual units or commands.[36]
- ^ Due to the nature of their operations and the inherent hazards they faced, very few of them survived the war.[43]
- ^ See: Боляновський А.В. Дивізія «Галичина»: історія — Львів: , 2000. (Bolyanovsky AV Division "Halychyna": History — Lviv, 2000)
References
Citations
- ^ Lew 1997, The Brandenburg Commandos.
- ^ Höhne 1979, p. 376.
- ^ Höhne 1979, pp. 376–377.
- ^ a b Höhne 1979, p. 377.
- ^ Higgins 2014, p. 9.
- ^ Schuster 1999, p. 658.
- ^ Lucas 2014, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Lucas 2014, p. 5.
- ^ Lucas 2014, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Witzel 1990, pp. 119–120.
- ^ Witzel 1990, p. 120.
- ^ Witzel 1990, p. 128.
- ^ Bassett 2011, p. 177.
- ^ Schuster 1999, p. 657.
- ^ Davies 2008, p. 247.
- ^ a b Warzecha 2003, pp. 55–60.
- ^ Jankowski & Religa 1981, p. 100.
- ^ Gilbert 1989, p. 8.
- ^ Adams 2009, p. 50.
- ^ Witzel 1990, p. 121.
- ^ Axworthy 1995, p. 19.
- ^ Higgins 2014, p. 10.
- ^ Spaeter 1982, pp. 47–54.
- ^ Bassett 2011, p. 191.
- ^ Höhne 1979, p. 414.
- ^ Höhne 1979, pp. 414–415.
- ^ Höhne 1979, p. 415.
- ^ Stone 2011, p. 367n.
- ^ Higgins 2014, p. 11.
- ^ Brockdorff 1967, p. 427.
- ^ Bellamy 2007, p. 183.
- ^ Spaeter 1982, pp. 144–150.
- ^ Spaeter 1982, pp. 250–273.
- ^ Higgins 2014, pp. 50–52.
- ^ Ailsby 2000, p. 91.
- ^ Bundesarchiv, Die Brandenburger.
- ^ Smith & Walker 1974, pp. 116–127.
- ^ Eyre 2006, pp. 362–370.
- ^ Adams 2009, p. 51.
- ^ a b Higgins 2014, p. 76.
- ^ Dear & Foot 1995, p. 122.
- ^ Bartov 2001, p. 10.
- ^ Schuster 1999, pp. 657–658.
- ^ Hoffmann 1991, p. 109.
- ^ Hoffmann 1991, pp. 46–47, 56, 195, 267.
- ^ Abbott 2004, p. 47.
- ^ Seidler 1999, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Patrylyak 2004, pp. 271–278.
- ^ Patrylyak 2004, pp. 272–277.
- ^ Patrylyak 2004, p. 287.
- ^ Patrylyak 2004, pp. 371–382.
Bibliography
- Abbott, P. E. (2004). Ukrainian Armies, 1914–55. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-668-3.
- Adams, Jefferson (2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-81085-543-4.
- Ailsby, Christopher (2000). Hitler's Sky Warriors: German Paratroopers in Action, 1939–45. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-109-8.
- Axworthy, Mark (1995). Third Axis Fourth Ally. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 1-85409-267-7.
- Bartov, Omer (2001). The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33394-944-3.
- Bassett, Richard (2011). Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal. New York: Pegasus Books. ISBN 978-1-60598-450-6.
- Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-72471-8.
- Brockdorff, Werner (1967). Geheimkommandos des Zweiten Weltkrieges (in German). Wels: Verlag Welsermühl. ISBN 3-88102-059-4.
- Bundesarchiv. "Die Brandenburger" Kommandotruppe und Frontverband". Bundesarchiv. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- Davies, Norman (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-67001-832-1.
- Dear, Ian; ISBN 978-0-19-534096-9.
- Eyre, Wayne Lt.Col. (Canadian Army) (2006). "Operation Rösselsprung and the Elimination of Tito, May 25, 1944: A Failure in Planning and Intelligence Support". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 19 (1). Routledge: 343–376. S2CID 144383512.
- Gilbert, Martin (1989). The Second World War: A Complete History. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-0534-X.
- Higgins, David (2014). Behind Soviet Lines: Hitler's Brandenburgers Capture the Maikop Oilfields 1942. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 9781782005995.
- Hoffmann, Joachim (1991). Kaukasien 1942/43: Das deutsche Heer und Orientvölker der Sowjetunion [Caucasus 1942–43: The German Army and Oriental Peoples of the USSR] (in German). Freiburg: Rombach Druck und Verlagshaus. ISBN 978-3-79300-194-2.
- Höhne, Heinz (1979). Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-08777-2.
- Jankowski, Joseph; Religa, Jan (1981). Zbrodnie hitlerowske na wsi polskiej, 1939–1945 [Nazi Crimes in the Polish Countryside, 1939–1945] (in Polish). Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
- Lefevre, Eric (1999). Brandenburg Division: Commandos of the Reich. Histoire & Collections. ISBN 978-2-908182-73-6.
- Lew, Christopher (1997). "The Brandenburg Commandos". HistoryNet. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- Lucas, James (2014). Kommando: German Special Forces of World War Two. Barnsley: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-737-5.
- Patrylyak, I.K. (2004). Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 [Military activities of the OUN (B) in the years 1940–1942] (in Ukrainian). Kiev: Shevchenko University Press.
- Schuster, Carl (1999). "Brandenburg Division". In David T. Zabecki (ed.). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. London and New York: Garland Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-8240-7029-1.
- Seidler, Franz Wilhelm (1999). Die Kollaboration 1939–1945: Zeitgeschichtliche Dokumentation in Biographien (in German). München: Herbig Verlag. ISBN 978-3-77662-139-6.
- Smith, Peter; Walker, Edwin (1974). War in the Aegean. London: William Kimber Publishing. ISBN 978-0-71830-422-5.
- Spaeter, Helmuth (1982). Die Brandenburger: Eine deutsche Kommandotruppe (in German). München: Angerer. ISBN 978-3-92212-800-7.
- ISBN 978-1-61200-098-5.
- Warzecha, Bartłomiej (2003). "Niemieckie zbrodnie na powstańcach śląskich w 1939 roku" [German crimes against the insurgents in Silesia in 1939]. Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance (in Polish). 3 (12–1): 55–60.
- Witzel, Dietrich F. (1990). "Kommandoverbände der Abwehr II im Zweiten Weltkrieg". In Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.). Militärgeschichtliche Beiträge. Bonn: Mittler Verlag. ISBN 978-3-81320-361-5.
Further reading
- Cavaleri, Leo (2017). Das 2. Regiment der "Division Brandenburg" eine Dokumentation zum Einsatz der Brandenburger-Gebirgsjäger im Osten bzw. Südosten Europas. Aachen: Helios. ISBN 978-3-86933-186-7.
- Hamilton, A. Stephan (2016). Panzergrenadiers to the Front!: The Combat History of Panzergrenadier-Division Brandenburg on the Eastern Front, 1944-45. Solihull, UK: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-910777-13-8.
- Paterson, Lawrence (2018). Hitler's Brandenburgers: The Third Reich's Elite Special Forces. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-68247-372-6.