Brazilian battleship São Paulo

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For the aircraft carrier, see Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo.

São Paulo on its sea trials, 1910
History
Brazil
NameSão Paulo
NamesakeThe state and city of São Paulo[1]
BuilderVickers, Barrow-in-Furness, United Kingdom[2]
Laid down30 April 1907[1][2]
Launched19 April 1909[1][2]
Commissioned12 July 1910[1][2]
Stricken2 August 1947[1][3]
MottoNon Ducor, Duco[1][A]
FateSank 1951 while en route to be scrapped
General characteristics
Class and typeMinas Geraes-class battleship
Displacement
  • 19,105 tons standard[5][B]
  • 21,370 tons full load[5]
Length
Beam83 ft (25 m)[5]
Draft
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph)[6]
Endurance10,000 nautical miles @ 10 knots (11,500 mi @ 11.5 mph or 18,500 km @ 18.5 km/h)[2]
Armament
Armour
  • Belt: 9 to 3 in (229 to 76 mm) (upper belt 9 in)[4]
  • Upper deck: 1.5 in (38 mm)[4]
  • Main deck: 2 in (51 mm)[4]
  • Turrets: 12 in (300 mm) face, 8 in (200 mm) sides, 3 to 2 in (76 to 51 mm) roofs[4]
  • Barbettes: 9 in (230 mm)[4]
  • Conning tower: 12 in (300 mm),2 in (51 mm) sides and roof[4]
NotesCharacteristics are as built; cf. Specifications of the Minas Geraes-class battleships

São Paulo was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. It was the second of two ships in the Minas Geraes class, and was named after the state and city of São Paulo.

The British company

launching it on 19 April 1909. The ship was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy on 12 July 1910. Soon after, it was involved in the Revolt of the Lash (Revolta de Chibata), in which crews on four Brazilian warships mutinied over poor pay and harsh punishments for even minor offenses. After entering the First World War, Brazil offered to send São Paulo and its sister Minas Geraes to Britain for service with the Grand Fleet, but Britain declined since both vessels were in poor condition and lacked the latest fire control technology. In June 1918, Brazil sent São Paulo to the United States for a full refit that was not completed until 7 January 1920, well after the war had ended. On 6 July 1922, São Paulo fired its guns in anger for the first time when it attacked a fort that had been taken during the Copacabana Fort revolt. Two years later, mutineers took control of the ship and sailed it to Montevideo in Uruguay, where they obtained asylum
.

In the 1930s, São Paulo was passed over for modernization due to its poor condition—it could only reach a top speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), less than half its design speed. For the rest of its career, the ship was reduced to a reserve coastal defense role. When Brazil entered the Second World War, São Paulo sailed to

training vessel until 1951, when it was taken under tow to be scrapped in the United Kingdom. The tow lines broke during a strong gale on 6 November, when the ships were 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi) north of the Azores
, and São Paulo was lost.

Background

Main articles: South American dreadnought race and Minas Geraes-class battleship

Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, a situation exacerbated by an

Dom Pedro II, and an 1893 civil war.[7][8][9][C] Despite having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile,[8][11] by the end of the 19th century Brazil was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage.[8][9][D]

At the turn of the 20th century, soaring demand for

rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.[11] The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a naval building program in 1904,[2] which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.[12][13] The minister of the navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.[14] The new dreadnought battleship design, which debuted in December 1906 with the completion of the namesake ship, rendered the Brazilian ships, and all other existing capital ships, obsolete.[15]

The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by the new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the Bahia class), ten destroyers (the Pará class), and three submarines.[16][17] The three battleships on which construction had just begun were scrapped beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.[15] In South America, the ships came as a shock and kindled a naval arms race among Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The 1902 treaty between the latter two was canceled upon the Brazilian dreadnought order so both could be free to build their own dreadnoughts.[8]

Line drawing of a Minas Geraes-class battleship

Minas Geraes, the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while São Paulo followed thirteen days later at Vickers.[2][5][18] The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either Minas Geraes or São Paulo could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.[19] In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia,[E] and the two ships made Brazil the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.[11][21]

Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful warships.[2][22] Despite this, the United States actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation".[2]

Early career

São Paulo was

Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca.[26] Departing on the 27th,[27] São Paulo sailed to Lisbon, Portugal, where Fonseca was a guest of Portugal's King Manuel II. Soon after they arrived the 5 October 1910 revolution began, which caused the fall of the Portuguese monarchy.[28] Although the president offered political asylum to the king and his family, the offer was refused.[29] A rumor that the king was on board, circulated by newspapers and reported to the Brazilian legation in Paris,[30][31] led revolutionaries to attempt to search the ship, but they were denied permission. They also asked for Brazil to land marines "to help in the maintenance of order", but this request was also denied.[32] São Paulo left Lisbon on 7 October for Rio de Janeiro,[28][33] and docked there on 25 October.[25]

Revolt of the Lash

João Cândido Felisberto (front row, directly to the left of the man in the dark suit) with reporters, officers and sailors onboard Minas Geraes on 26 November 1910, the last day of the Revolt of the Lash
Main article: Revolt of the Lash

Soon after São Paulo's arrival, a major rebellion known as the Revolt of the Lash, or Revolta da Chibata, broke out on four of the newest ships in the Brazilian Navy. The initial spark was provided on 16 November 1910 when

Afro-Brazilian sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes was brutally flogged 250 times for insubordination.[F] Many Afro-Brazilian sailors were sons of former slaves, or were former slaves freed under the Lei Áurea (abolition) but forced to enter the navy. They had been planning a revolt for some time, and Menezes became the catalyst. Further preparations were needed, so the rebellion was delayed until 22 November. The crewmen of Minas Geraes, São Paulo, the twelve-year-old Deodoro, and the new Bahia quickly took their vessels with only a minimum of bloodshed: two officers on Minas Geraes and one each on São Paulo and Bahia were killed.[35]

The ships were well-supplied with foodstuffs, ammunition, and coal, and the only demand of mutineers—led by

Chamber of Deputies.[36]

Humiliated by the revolt, naval officers and the president of Brazil were staunchly opposed to amnesty, so they quickly began planning to assault the rebel ships. The officers believed such an action was necessary to restore the service's honor. The rebels, believing an attack was imminent, sailed their ships out of Guanabara Bay and spent the night of 23–24 November at sea, only returning during daylight. Late on the 24th, the President ordered the naval officers to attack the mutineers. Officers crewed some smaller warships and the cruiser Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia's sister ship with ten 4.7-inch guns. They planned to attack on the morning of the 25th, when the government expected the mutineers would return to Guanabara Bay. When they did not return and the amnesty measure neared passage in the Chamber of Deputies, the order was rescinded. After the bill passed 125–23 and the president signed it into law, the mutineers stood down on the 26th.[37]

During the revolt, the ships were noted by many observers to be well handled, despite a previous belief that the Brazilian Navy was incapable of effectively operating the ships even before being split by a rebellion. João Cândido Felisberto ordered all liquor thrown overboard, and discipline on the ships was recognized as exemplary. The 4.7-inch guns were often used for shots over the city, but the 12-inch guns were not, which led to a suspicion among the naval officers that the rebels were incapable of using the weapons. Later research and interviews indicate that Minas Geraes' guns were fully operational, and while São Paulo's could not be turned after salt water contaminated the

hydraulic system, British engineers still on board the ship after the voyage from the United Kingdom were working on the problem. Still, historians have never ascertained how well the mutineers could handle the ships.[38]

First World War

See also: Brazil during World War I

The Brazilian government declared that the country would be neutral in the

New York Naval Yard after a 42-day journey.[2][25]

Major refit and the 1920s

São Paulo seen at an unknown point in its career

São Paulo underwent a refit in New York, beginning on 7 August 1918 and completing on 7 January 1920.

3 pounders were removed from the top of turrets.[42]

After the refit was completed, São Paulo picked up ammunition in

Elisabeth were embarked on 1 September to bring them to Brazil.[1][46] After bringing the royals home, São Paulo traveled to Portugal to bring the remains of the former emperor Pedro II and his wife, Teresa Cristina, back to Brazil.[1][47][G]

In 1922, São Paulo and Minas Geraes helped to put down the first of the Tenente revolts. Soldiers seized Fort Copacabana in Rio de Janeiro on 5 July, but no other men joined them. As a result, some men deserted the rebels, and by the next morning only 200 people remained in the fort.[48] São Paulo bombarded the fort, firing five salvos and obtained at least two hits; the fort surrendered half an hour later.[49] The Brazilian Navy's official history reports that one of the hits opened a hole ten meters deep.[24]

Crewmen aboard São Paulo rebelled on 4 November 1924, when First

Lieutenant Hercolino Cascardo, seven second lieutenants and 260 others commandeered the ship.[50][51] After the boilers were fired, São Paulo's mutineers attempted to entice the crews of Minas Geraes and the other ships nearby to join.[3] They were only able to sway the crew of one old torpedo boat to the cause.[3] The battleship's crew, angry that Minas Geraes would not join them, fired a six-pounder at Minas Geraes that wounded a cook.[3][29] The mutineers then sailed out of Rio de Janeiro's harbor, where the forts at Santa Cruz and Copacabana engaged her, damaging São Paulo's fire control system and funnel. The forts stopped firing soon after the battleship returned fire due to concern over possible civilian casualties.[24] The crewmen aboard São Paulo attempted to join revolutionaries in Rio Grande do Sul, but when they found that the rebel forces had moved inland, they set course for Montevideo, Uruguay.[24][29] They arrived on 10 November, where the rebellious members of the crew disembarked and were granted asylum,[3][24] and Minas Geraes, which had been pursuing São Paulo, escorted the wayward ship home to Rio de Janeiro, arriving on the 21st.[29]

Late career

See also: Vargas Era
São Paulo's bell at Ibirapuera Park, in the city of São Paulo

In the 1930s, Brazil decided to modernize both São Paulo and Minas Geraes. São Paulo's dilapidated state made this uneconomic; at the time it could sail at a maximum of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), less than half its design speed.[42] As a result, while Minas Geraes was thoroughly refitted from 1931 to 1938 in the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard,[29] São Paulo was employed as a coast-defense ship, a role in which it remained for the rest of its service life.[3] During the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, it acted as the flagship of a naval blockade of Santos.[29] After repairs in 1934 and 1935, the ship returned to lead three naval training exercises. In the same year, accompanied by the Brazilian cruisers Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, the Argentine battleships Rivadavia and Moreno, six Argentine cruisers, and a group of destroyers, São Paulo carried the Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas up the River Plate to Buenos Aires to meet with the presidents of Argentina and Uruguay.[1][52]

In 1936, the crew of São Paulo, as well as

Fluminense.[53]

As in the First World War, Brazil stayed neutral during the opening years of the

training vessel until August 1951,[29] when it was sold to the Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain for breaking up[3] at a cost of 18,810,000 cruzeiros.[55]

Sinking

São Paulo as painted by Edoardo De Martino

After preparing from 5 to 18 September 1951, São Paulo was given an eight-man caretaker crew and taken under tow by two tugs, Dexterous and Bustler, departing Rio de Janeiro on 20 September 1951 for a final voyage to the scrappers.[3][56] When north of the Azores in early November, the flotilla ran into heavy storm seas.[3][29]N

At 17:30 UTC on 4 or 6 November,

trough between high waves. The action dragged the tugs astern and toward each other. To avoid a collision, Dexterous severed its cable and steered away, as had been previously agreed; however, the battleship's weight fell so heavily and abruptly onto Bustler's towing winch that it could not take in the slack—the tow cable became fouled in the tug's propeller and parted.[3][29] The now drifting São Paulo's port (red) navigation light was visible for several minutes before it disappeared.[59] American B-17 Flying Fortress bombers and British planes were launched to scout the Atlantic for the missing ship;[57][60] it was reported, incorrectly, as found on 15 November.[61] The search was ended on 10 December without finding São Paulo or its crew.[58]

On 14 October 1954, the

Board of Trade in London released its report on the circumstances and causes for the loss of the ship. The Board concluded that once both tow cables had parted, the São Paulo would have foundered or capsized within the hour, very near its last sighted position. The Board determined that the São Paulo sank at about 17:45 on 4 November 1951, at position 30°49′N 23°30′W / 30.817°N 23.500°W / 30.817; -23.500.[59]

Footnotes

  1. ^ The English translation of this Latin phrase is "I am not led, I lead". São Paulo shared this motto with the city the ship was named after.[1]
  2. ^ Topliss includes specific displacement figures for São Paulo which differ from Minas Geraes.
  3. Custódio José de Mello, the minister of the navy, revolted against President Floriano Peixoto, bringing nearly all of the Brazilian warships currently in the country with him. Mello's forces took Desterro when the governor surrendered, and began to coordinate with the revolutionaries in Rio Grande do Sul, but loyal Brazilian forces eventually overwhelmed them both. Most of the rebel naval forces were sailed to Argentina, where their crews surrendered; the flagship, Aquidabã, held out near Desterro until sunk by a torpedo boat.[10]
  4. ^ Chile's naval tonnage was 36,896 long tons (37,488 t), Argentina's 34,425 long tons (34,977 t), and Brazil's 27,661 long tons (28,105 t).[8] For an account of the Argentinian–Chilean naval arms races, see Scheina, Naval History, 45–52.
  5. ^ Although Germany laid down Nassau two months after Minas Geraes, Nassau was commissioned first.[2][20]
  6. captain assigned to be the Brazilian government's representative to the mutineers, as "a mullet sliced open for salting."[34]
  7. ^ cf. Legacy of Pedro II of Brazil.
  8. Board of Trade report use 4 November.[57][58][59]

Endnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "E São Paulo," Navios De Guerra Brasileiros.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Scheina, "Brazil," 404.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Whitley, Battleships, 29.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 250.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.
  6. ^ a b c Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 251.
  7. ^ Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240.
  8. ^ a b c d e Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.
  9. ^ a b Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.
  10. ^ Scheina, Naval History, 67–76, 352.
  11. ^ a b c Scheina, "Brazil," 403.
  12. ^ Scheina, Naval History, 80.
  13. ^ English, Armed Forces, 108.
  14. ^ Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.
  15. ^ a b Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.
  16. ^ Scheina, Naval History, 81.
  17. ^ Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, "Brazil," 883.
  18. ^ Scheina, Naval History, 321.
  19. ^ Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.
  20. ^ Campbell, "Germany," 145.
  21. ^ Whitley, Battleships, 13.
  22. ^ Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
  23. ^ "Launch Brazil's Battleship," The New York Times, 20 April 1909, 5.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g "São Paulo I," Serviço de Documentação da Marinha — Histórico de Navios.
  25. ^ a b c d e Whitley, Battleships, 28.
  26. ^ "French Criticise Brazil," The New York Times, 25 September 1910, C4.
  27. ^ "Marshal Hermes Da Fonseca," The Times, 28 September 1910, 4e.
  28. ^ a b "Keeping Good Order in New Republic," The New York Times, 8 October 1910, 1–2.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ribeiro, "Os Dreadnoughts."
  30. ^ "King Manuel Takes Flight Aboard Brazilian Warship," The Age, 7 October 1910, 7.
  31. ^ "Europe Stirred By Lisbon News," The Telegraph-Herald, 5 October 1910, 1.
  32. ^ "The Journey from Lisbon," The Times, 8 October 1910, 5–6a.
  33. ^ "Movements of Warships," The Times, 8 October 1910, 6a.
  34. ^ Quoted in Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 41.
  35. ^ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 32–38, 50.
  36. ^ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 40–42.
  37. ^ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 44–46.
  38. ^ Morgan, "The Revolt of the Lash," 39–40, 48–49, 52.
  39. ^ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 35–36.
  40. ^ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 37.
  41. Naval History & Heritage Command
    , last modified 7 July 2010.
  42. ^ a b c Whitley, Battleships, 27.
  43. ^ a b Lind, "Professional Notes," 452.
  44. ^ Scheina, Latin America, 134.
  45. ^ Department of Commerce, Reports, 365–66.
  46. ^ "King Albert and His Queen Sail for Brazil Today," The New York Times, 1 September 1920, 1.
  47. ^ Whitley, Battleships, 28–29.
  48. ^ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 128.
  49. ^ Poggio, "Um encouraçado contra o forte: 2ª Parte."
  50. ^ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 129.
  51. ^ "Preparing to Take Battleship Home," The Gazette, 12 November 1924, 11.
  52. ^ "Argentina: Lobsters, Pigeons, Parades," Time, 3 June 1935. (subscription required)
  53. ^ TORNEIO ABERTO CARIOCA – 1936[permanent dead link] (in Portuguese)
  54. ^ Scheina, Latin America's Wars, 163–164.
  55. ^ "Brazilian News and Notes," Brazilian Bulletin 8, no. 185 (1 September 1951): 6.
  56. ^ "Battleship lost during tow, Inquiry after three years," The Times, 5 October 1954.
  57. ^ a b "Planes Fail to Find Warship Lost at Sea," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 November 1951, 27.
  58. ^ a b "Lost Warship Hunt Given Up," Los Angeles Times, 11 December 1951, 13.
  59. ^ a b c Hayward, R.F.; Atkinson, A.M.; Nutton, W.J. (14 October 1954). "Wreck Report for 'Sao Paulo', 1951" (PDF). Southampton City Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  60. ^ "Towed Warship Missing," The New York Times, 9 November 1951, 49.
  61. ^ "Missing Battleship Located," The New York Times, 16 November 1951, 51.

References

Further reading

External links

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