Carlo Rosselli
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Carlo Rosselli | |
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Born | Carlo Alberto Rosselli 16 November 1899 Rome, Italy |
Died | 9 June 1937 Bagnoles-de-l'Orne, France | (aged 37)
Occupation |
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Nationality | Italian |
Notable works | Liberal Socialism |
Carlo Alberto Rosselli (16 November 1899 – 9 June 1937) was an Italian political leader,
Life
Birth, war and studies
Rosselli was born in
After the war, thanks to his brother
He graduated in 1923 from the
Rise of Fascism
An active supporter of the Unitary Socialist Party of Turati, Matteotti and Treves, he began writing for "Critica Sociale", a review edited by Turati. After the murder of Matteotti, Rosselli pushed for a more active opposition to Fascism. With the help of Ernesto Rossi and Gaetano Salvemini he founded the clandestine publication "Non mollare" (Don't give up). During the following months, fascist violence towards the left became increasingly severe. Ernesto Rossi left the country for France, followed by Salvemini. On 15 February 1926, fellow activist Piero Gobetti died as an exile in Paris for the consequences of a fascist aggression which happened in Turin the year before. Still in Italy, Rosselli and Pietro Nenni founded the review "Quarto Stato", which was banned after a few months.
Later in 1926, he organized with Sandro Pertini and Ferruccio Parri the escape of Turati to France. While Pertini followed Turati to France, Parri and Rosselli were captured and convicted for their roles in Turati's escape and sentenced to a period of confinement on the island of Lipari (1927). It was then that Rosselli began to write his most famous work, "Liberal Socialism". In July 1929 he escaped to Tunisia, from where he travelled to France, and the community of Italian antifascists including Emilio Lussu and Francesco Fausto Nitti. Nitti later portrayed Rosselli's adventurous escape in the book Le nostre prigioni e la nostra evasione (Our Prisons and Our Escape) in an Italian edition in 1946 (the 1929 English first edition was titled Escape).
Exile in Paris and Giustizia e Libertà
In 1929, with Cianca, Lussu, Nitti, and a Parisian circle of refugees which had formed around Salvemini, Rosselli helped found the anti-fascist movement "Giustizia e Libertà".[3] GL various numbers of the review and the notebooks omonimi (with cadence weekly magazine and salary) and was active in the organization of various spectacular actions, notable among which was the flight over Milan of Bassanesi (1930). In 1930 he published, in French, "Socialisme Libéral".
The book was at once a passionate critique of
Giustizia e Libertà joined the Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana (The Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration), a union of all the non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy. They also first published a weekly political magazine entitled Giustizia e Libertà. Rosselli was the founding editor of the weekly and served in the post from 1934 to 1937.[5] Following his assassination in 1937 Alberto Cianca replaced him in the post.[5]
After the advent of Nazism in Germany (1933), the paper began to call for insurgency, revolutionary action, and military action in order to stop the Italian and German regimes before they plunge Europe into a tragic war. Spain, they wrote, seems the destiny of all fascist states.
Spanish Civil War
In July 1936, the Spanish Civil War erupted as the fascist-monarchical led army attempted a coup d'état against the republican government of the Popular Front. Rosselli helped lead the Italian anti-fascist supporters of the republican forces, criticizing the neutrality policy of France and Britain, especially as Italy and Germany sent arms and troops in support of the rebels. In August, Rosselli and the GL organized their own brigades of volunteers to support the Spanish Republic.
With
After falling ill, Rosselli was sent back to Paris, from where he led support for the anti-fascist cause, and proposed an even broader '
Murder
In June 1937, Carlo Rosselli and his brother visited the French resort town of
His British-origin wife Marion Catherine Cave,[3] their three children, Giovanni Andrea "John", Amelia "Melina", and Andrew, and his mother Amelia Pincherle Rosselli survived him.
Thought
Carlo Rosselli published only one book, Liberal Socialism. This work marked Rosselli out as a heretic in the Italian left of his time (for which
The
Works
- Carlo Rosselli, Liberal Socialism. Edited by Nadia Urbinati. Translated by William McCuaig (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994).
References
- ISBN 1558490124
- ^ "Archivio della famiglia Rosselli". archiviorosselli.it. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ a b Marion Roselli (1945). "Headliners: Alberto Tarchiani". Free World. 35: 31.
- ^ Rizi, Fabio Fernando (2003). Benedetto Croce and Italian Fascism. University of Toronto Press. pp. 136–139.
- ^ JSTOR 40079114.
- ISBN 9780674000537.
- S2CID 154546885.
- JSTOR 20028925.
- ISBN 1-55849-466-9
- S2CID 154546885.
Bibliography
- Pugliese, Stanislao G. (July 1997). "Death in Exile: The Assassination of Carlo Rosselli". Journal of Contemporary History. 32 (3): 305–319. S2CID 154546885.
- Tranfaglia, Nicola (1968). Carlo Rosselli, dall'Interventismo a Giustizia e Libertà. Bari: Laterza.
- Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1999), Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00053-6
Further reading
- Mioni, Michele (29 December 2012). "L'esperienza intellettuale e politica del laburismo nel pensiero di Carlo Rosselli". Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea (in Italian) (N° 12, 4). )
External links
- "Why Carlo Rosselli Was Assassinated", Giustizia e Libertà, year IV, no. 25, 18 June 1937
- (in Italian) "Carlo Rosselli e l'altro socialismo" Links and Timeline
- (in Italian) Biography of Rosselli
- (in Italian) Biography, information and other links on Giustizia e Libertà and Carlo Rosselli
- (in English) "Italian Life Under Fascism: Opposition to Fascism"