Chiswick House

Coordinates: 51°29′01.8″N 0°15′31.3″W / 51.483833°N 0.258694°W / 51.483833; -0.258694
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Chiswick House
Neo-Palladian
LocationChiswick, London, England
Coordinates51°29′01.8″N 0°15′31.3″W / 51.483833°N 0.258694°W / 51.483833; -0.258694
Completed1729
OwnerEnglish Heritage
Design and construction
Architect(s)Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
Website
chiswickhouseandgardens.org.uk

Chiswick House is a

Neo-Palladian style villa in the Chiswick district of London, England. A "glorious"[1] example of Neo-Palladian architecture in west London, the house was designed and built by Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1694–1753), and completed in 1729. The house and garden occupy 26.33 hectares (65.1 acres).[2] The garden was created mainly by the architect and landscape designer William Kent, and it is one of the earliest examples of the English landscape garden
.

After the death of the 3rd Earl of Burlington in 1753, and the subsequent deaths of his last surviving daughter (Charlotte Boyle) in 1754 and his widow in 1758, the property was ceded to William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Charlotte's husband. After William's death in 1764, the villa passed to his and Charlotte's orphaned young son, William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire. His wife, Georgiana Spencer, a prominent and controversial figure in fashion and politics whom he married in 1774, used the house as a retreat and as a Whig stronghold for many years; it was where Charles James Fox died in 1806. Prime Minister George Canning also died there in 1827, in a bedroom in the John White wing buildings.

During the 19th century, the house fell into decline and was rented out by the Cavendish family. It was used as a mental hospital, the

V-2 rocket damaged one of the two wings, which were both demolished in 1956. Today, the house is a Grade I listed building and is maintained by English Heritage
.

History

Early history (c.1610–1682)

The original Chiswick House was a

Jan Kip and Leonard Knyff,[4] and was constructed with four sides around an open courtyard.[4] Wardour sold the house in 1624 to Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset.[3][5] The house was quite large: in the 1664 Hearth Tax documents it is recorded as having 33 fireplaces.[6] The house was at the south end of the Royalist line in the Battle of Turnham Green (1641), during the First English Civil War.[7] The house was purchased by Charles Boyle, 3rd Viscount Dungarvan in 1682.[8]

Boyle family (1682–1758)

Plan of Chiswick House

The Jacobean house was used by the Boyle family as a summer retreat from their central London home, Burlington House.[9][10] After a fire in 1725, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington (Lord Burlington), then head of the family,[9] decided to build a new "villa" to the west of the old Chiswick House.

During his trip to Italy in 1719, Burlington had acquired a passion for Palladian architecture.

Palladio and Scamozzi as his interpreters of the classic tradition.[13] Another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, including those of Palladio himself, which had belonged to Inigo Jones and his pupil John Webb. According to Howard Colvin, "Burlington's mission was to reinstate in Augustan England the canons of Roman architecture as described by Vitruvius, exemplified by its surviving remains, and practised by Palladio, Scamozzi and Jones."[14]

Burlington, himself a talented amateur architect and (in the words of Horace Walpole) "Apollo of the Arts",[15] designed the villa with the aid of William Kent, who also took a leading role in designing the gardens.[16] Burlington built the villa with enough space to house his art collection, regarded as containing "some of the best pictures in Europe",[17] and his more select pieces of furniture, some of which was purchased on his first Grand Tour of Europe in 1714. Construction of the villa took place between 1726 and 1729.[18]

After Burlington's death in 1753,

Lady Dorothy Savile, and daughter, Charlotte, who had married William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire in 1748,[20] inherited the house. Charlotte died in December 1754,[21] and Lady Burlington died in September 1758.[22] Several views of Burlington's house were made by the architect-draughtsman John Donowell around this time.[23]

Cavendish family (1758–1929)

The 6th Duke of Devonshire's garden party for Tsar Nicholas of Russia and 700 guests, with giraffes in the park, from The Illustrated London News, 15 June 1844

After the death of Lady Burlington in 1758, the villa and gardens passed to the Cavendish family. William Cavendish died in 1764, leaving the property to his son William, the 5th

Georgiana Spencer, the Duchess of Devonshire,[24] who enjoyed spending time at Chiswick which she referred to as her "earthly paradise".[25][26] She regularly invited members of the Whig party to the house for tea parties in the garden.[27][28] In 1788 the Cavendish family demolished the Jacobean house and hired architect John White to add two wings to the villa to increase the amount of accommodation.[29] The duchess was responsible for the building of the Classical Bridge in 1774, designed by the architect James Wyatt,[29]
and the planting of roses on the walls of the new wings and the sides of the buildings. She died in 1806.

In 1813, a 300 feet (91 m) conservatory was built by Samuel Ware, with the purpose of housing exotic fruits and camellias.[30] > Gardener Lewis Kennedy built an Italian inspired geometric garden around the conservatory. In 1827, after a rapid decline in health, Tory Prime Minister George Canning died in the same room where Charles James Fox had died in 1806.[31]

Floor plan, showing the wings used for the patients of Chiswick Asylum, now removed

Between 1862 and 1892 the villa was rented by the Cavendish family to a number of successive tenants, including the Duchess of Sutherland in 1867,[32] the Prince of Wales in the 1870s,[33] and John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, patron of the architect William Burges, from 1881 to 1892.[34]

Chiswick Asylum (1892–1928)

From 1892, the 9th Duke of Devonshire rented the villa to Doctors Thomas Seymour and Charles Molesworth Tuke (sons of Thomas Harrington Tuke), and it was used by them as a mental hospital, the Chiswick Asylum, for wealthy male and female patients until 1928.[35] The asylum was praised for its relatively compassionate approach to its inmates. The wings of the house used for the asylum were demolished in the 1950s so little now remains of this use, except in archival records.[36] In 1897, the two sphinxes on the main gate were removed to Green Park during the celebrations of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. They were never returned.[37]

Public ownership (1929–present)

English Heritage archaeologists uncover the substantial remains of the old Jacobean house in a 2008 dig.

The 9th Duke of Devonshire sold Chiswick House to Middlesex County Council in 1929,

V-2 rocket damaged one of the two wings.[40] The wings were removed in 1956.[29]

In 1948, extensive lobbying from the newly created

Georgian Group prevented it from being destroyed.[41] The house came under the aegis of the Ministry of Works and subsequently of English Heritage.[37][42]

Hounslow Council and English Heritage formed the Chiswick House and Gardens Trust in 2005 to unify the management of the villa and gardens. The trust took over the administration for the villa and gardens in July 2010, following the completion of the restoration works.[43] A Heritage Lottery Fund Grant was complemented by approximately £4 million from other sources, for restoration of the gardens in 2007.[38] The garden is open to the public from dawn until dusk without charge.[44]

Villa building

Main article: Architecture of Chiswick House
1736 engraving by John Rocque of the garden layout with sketches of the house

Chiswick House was an attempt by Lord Burlington to create a

Villa Capra "La Rotonda" near Vicenza,[46] as architect Colen Campbell had offered Lord Burlington a design for a villa closely based on the Villa Capra for his use at Chiswick. However, although this was clearly influential, Lord Burlington rejected this design; it was subsequently used at Mereworth Castle, Kent.[47] Lord Burlington's library list at Chiswick shows that he was not restricted to the influence of Andrea Palladio. He owned books by influential Italian Renaissance architects such as Sebastiano Serlio and Leon Battista Alberti, and his library contained books by French architects, sculptors, illustrators and architectural theorists like Jean Cotelle, Philibert de l'Orme, Abraham Bosse, Jean Bullant, Salomon de Caus, Roland Fréart de Chambray, Hugues Sambin, Antoine Desgodetz, and John James's translation of Claude Perrault's Treatise of the Five Orders. Whether Palladio's work inspired Chiswick or not, the Renaissance architect exerted an important influence on Lord Burlington through his plans and reconstructions of lost Roman buildings; many of these, unpublished and little known, were purchased by Burlington on his second Grand Tour and housed in the Blue Velvet Room, which served as his study.[48] These reconstructions were the source for many of the varied geometric shapes within Burlington's Villa, including the use of the octagon, circle and rectangle (with apses).[49][50][51] Possibly the most influential building reconstructed by Palladio and used at Chiswick was the monumental Roman Baths of Diocletian:[51][52]
references to this building can be found in the Domed Hall, Gallery, Library and Link rooms.

Burlington's use of Roman sources can also be seen in the steep-pitched dome of the villa, which is derived from the Pantheon in Rome. However, the source for the octagonal form of the dome, the Upper Tribunal, Lower Tribunal and cellar at Chiswick may be Vincenzo Scamozzi's Rocca Pisana near Vicenza.[53] Burlington may also have been influenced in his choice of octagon by the drawings of the Renaissance architect Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554),[54] or by Roman buildings of antiquity (for example, Lord Burlington owned Andrea Palladio's drawings of the octagonal mausoleum at Diocletian's Palace, Split in modern Croatia).[55]

Three concentric relieving arches at rear of the villa containing Venetian windows. This arrangement derives directly from drawings by Andrea Palladio in Lord Burlington's collection.

The brick-built Villa's facade is faced in

church of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice and by Inigo Jones (1573–1652) (Palladio produced woodcuts of the Villa Foscari with crenellated sections of walls in his I quattro libri dell'architettura in 1570, yet they were never built). To reinforce this link, two full-length statues of Palladio and Jones[a] are positioned in front of these sections of wall. Palladio's influence is also felt in the general cubic form of the villa with its central hall with other rooms leading off its axis. The villa is a half cube of 70 feet (21 m) by 70 feet (21 m) by 35 feet (11 m).[57] Inside are rooms of 10 feet (3.0 m) square, 15 feet (4.6 m) square and 15 feet (4.6 m) by 20 feet (6.1 m) by 25 feet (7.6 m).[citation needed] The distance from the apex of the dome to the base of the cellar is 70 feet (21 m), making the whole pile fit within a perfect, invisible cube. However, the decorative cornice at Chiswick was derived from a contemporary source, that of James Gibbs's cornice at the Church of St Martin-in-the-Fields
, London.

On the portico leading to the Domed Hall is positioned a bust of the Roman

Borghese gladiator, a Venus de' Medici, a wolf (used to inspire nostalgic memories of the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus), a goat (symbolising the zodiac of Capricorn, the birth sign of the Emperor Augustus) and a boar located at the rear of the villa (symbolic of the great boar hunt). Inside the villa many references to the Roman goddess Venus abound, as she was the mother of Aeneas who fled Troy and co-founded Rome. On the forecourt to the villa are several 'term' statues that derive their forms from Terminus
, the Roman god of distance and space. These are used as boundary markers, positioned in the hedge at set distances apart.

William Kent was the main designer of the gardens

At the rear of the villa were positioned '

herm' statues that derive from the Greek god Hermes, the patron of travellers; these are welcoming figures for all who wish to visit Lord Burlington's gardens (Lord Burlington's gardens at Chiswick were the most visited of all London villas.[59]
A small entrance charge applied).

The house when built was described by

John Clerk of Penicuik described it as "Rather curious than convenient", while Horace Walpole called it "the beautiful model".[60][61]
It is possible that one purpose of the villa was as an art gallery, as inventories show more than 167 paintings hanging at Chiswick House in Lord Burlington's lifetime, many purchased on his two grand tours of Europe.

Gardens

Main article: Chiswick House Gardens
Portico of the Ionic Temple in the Orange Tree Garden

The gardens at Chiswick were an attempt to recreate a garden of ancient Rome,

Villa Adriana at Tivoli.[64] From the 1720s, Burlington and Kent experimented with new designs, incorporating elements such as a Ha-ha
, classical garden buildings, statues, groves, faux Egyptian objects, bowling greens, winding walks, cascades and water features. A theatre of hedges known as an exedra was designed by William Kent and originally displayed ancient statues of three unknown Roman gentlemen. The lawn at the rear of the house was created by 1745 and planted with young
Cedar of Lebanon
trees which alternate with stone funerary urns designed by William Kent. Placed between the urns and the Cedar of Lebanon are three more sphinxes orientated to face the rising sun.

A lake was created around 1727 by widening the

Georgiana Spencer in 1774 to the design of James Wyatt.[66]

The kitchen garden was founded in 1682. Its ownership changed several times, and the garden fell into disrepair. In 2005 it was restored by local volunteers of the Chiswick House Kitchen Garden Community project. In 2009 the kitchen garden was taken over by Chiswick House and Gardens Trust; the National Lottery Heritage Fund provided a grant for restoration work and the conversion of the surrounding buildings.[67]

Freemasonry

Lord Burlington

Chiswick House has been linked with

Masonic Lodge or Temple (unaffiliated to Grand Lodge), given that many of the ceiling paintings by William Kent in the Gallery and the Red, Blue and Summer Parlour Rooms contain iconography of a strong Masonic, Hermetic, and possible Jacobite character.[68][69][70][71] The proportions of several of the upstairs rooms also have significance in relation to biblical buildings important in Freemasonry. Lord Burlington's status as an important Freemason is indicated by his inclusion in the Freemason's Pocket Companion of 1736 and in a poem in James Anderson's Constitutions of the Free-Masons of 1723 where he is linked to an illustrious line of personalities important in Masonic lore. Pat Rogers has argued (following the original research of Jane Clark) that Chiswick House was a symbolic temple, based on so-called Royal Arch Freemasonry, involving a Hermetic intervention designed to heal the sufferings of the exiled Jews.[68] Lord Burlington's hand written list of titles in his library at Chiswick also shows that he supported a large number of publications by Freemasons.[72]
After completion of the villa in 1729, Burlington later provided inspiration to other architects for numerous other buildings, such as Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester at Holkham Hall, Norfolk[73] Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, at Goodwood House, and the Mansion House, nicknamed the "Egyptian Hall" for its columns.[74] Both Coke and Lennox were prominent Freemasons and adopted Masonic characteristics and themes on their properties.

Notable guests

Although little is known of the people who stayed or visited the house in Lord Burlington's lifetime, many important visitors to the property are recorded as visiting throughout its history. These included leading figures of the European '

Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1683–1737); John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
(1713–92) and the architect William Burges (1827–1881).

On 20 May 1966, the

Beatles visited Chiswick House to shoot promotional films for both sides of their latest 45 RPM single, "Paperback Writer" and "Rain". There are scenes shot in the conservatory, in the walled garden and by the exedra.[76]

Events

Since the restoration of the gardens, a variety of seasonal events have been held in the gardens of Chiswick House each year, including a Camellia show, open days in the walled kitchen garden, a circus, and a magic lantern festival.[77][78]

Notes

  1. ^ The statues have been attributed to John Michael Rysbrack (1694–1770), but the attribution has been challenged by Richard Hewlings. See Richard Hewlings, "The Statues of Inigo Jones and Palladio at Chiswick House" in English Heritage Historical Review, Volume 2, 2007, 71–83.

References

  1. ^ "Chiswick House and Gardens". English Heritage. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Chiswick House, Hounslow, England". Parks & Gardens UK. Parks and Gardens Data Services. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  3. ^ a b Lancaster, Henry (2010). "Wardour, Sir Edward (1578–1646), of Chiswick House, Chiswick, Mdx. and St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster". The History of Parliament.
  4. ^ a b "Chiswick House". Current Archaeology (222). 1 September 2008.
  5. ^ Brayley, Edward Wedlake; Brewer, James Norris; Nightingale, Joseph (1816). London and Middlesex. Vol. 4. Vernor, Hood, and Sharpe. p. 315.
  6. ^ "The Estates Around Chiswick House". Brentford and Chiswick Local History Society. 1997.
  7. ^ "The Battle of Turnham Green". Chiswick W4. 19 November 2004. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018.
  8. ISBN 978-1136429651
    .
  9. ^ a b Furniture History Society (1986). Furniture history. p. 84.
  10. ISBN 9781857590135
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-313-32426-0
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-7112-2769-9
    .
  13. ISBN 978-88-8118-524-5
    .
  14. ISBN 978-1-905711-24-6
    .
  15. ^ Wilton-Ely, John (1973). Apollo of the arts: Lord Burlington and his circle. Nottingham University Art Gallery. p. 31.
  16. ^ Groves & Mawrey 2010, p. 68.
  17. ^ Bryan, Julius (1993). London's Country House Collections. Kenwood, Chiswick, Marble Hill, Ranger's House. London: Scala Publications for English Heritage. p. 36.
  18. ^ Randhawa, Kiran (19 December 2007). "Chiswick House set for £12m facelift". Evening Standard. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013.
  19. ISBN 9781871647747
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-688-00432-3
    .
  21. ^ Journal of the Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Society. Derbyshire Archaeological Society. 1903. p. 130.
  22. ISBN 978-0-7734-8367-5
    .
  23. doi:10.1080/01445170.1987.10412457. See the article on John Donowell
    for a selection of the views.
  24. ^ Lodge, Edmund (1867). The peerage and baronetage of the British Empire as at present existing. Hurst and Blackett. p. 179.
  25. ISBN 978-0-7914-6146-4
    .
  26. ^ Foreman, Amanda (2001). Georgiana's World. The Illustrated Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. HarperCollins. p. 182.
  27. ^ Choice. American Library Association. 2000.
  28. ^ Jullian, Philippe (1967). Edward and the Edwardians. Viking Press.
  29. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5
    .
  30. ^ Groves & Mawrey 2010, p. 78.
  31. ^ England (1840). The Parliamentary Gazetteer of England and Wales. 4 volumes bound in 12 parts with supplements. p. 442.
  32. ISBN 978-0197227565
    .
  33. ^ Country Life. Country Life. 1979.
  34. ^ Hewlings 1989, pp. 52–53.
  35. ^
    ISBN 978-0-333-32556-8
    .
  36. ^ "History of Place: Chiswick Asylum". Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  37. ^ a b "The Restoration of Chiswick House Gardens". London Garden Trust. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  38. ^ a b Groves & Mawrey 2010, p. 79.
  39. ISBN 9780070210981
    .
  40. ISBN 978-0-520-22795-8
    .
  41. ISBN 978-1-85698-006-7
    .
  42. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4
    .
  43. ^ "Unveiling of the Restored Chiswick House Gardens" (PDF). Chiswick House and Gardens Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  44. ^ "Visitor information". Chiswick House and Gardens Trust. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  45. ISBN 978-1852850944
    .
  46. ^ Yarwood, Doreen (1970). Robert Adam. Scribner. p. 104.
  47. ISBN 9780750923248
    .
  48. ISBN 978-1-85285-177-4
    .
  49. ISBN 978-0-8160-5335-3
    .
  50. ^ The Architects' Journal. The Architectural Press. 1990.
  51. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7892-0252-9
    .
  52. ^ New Statesman Society. Statesman & Nation. 1995. p. 93.
  53. ISBN 978-88-8118-524-5
    .
  54. ISBN 978-0-8122-3457-2
    .
  55. ISBN 978-0-09-460310-3
    .
  56. ^ Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1845). Encyclopaedia Metropolitana: Difform-Falter. B. Fellowes. p. 397.
  57. ISBN 978-0-300-05983-0
    .
  58. ^ James Stevens Curl, The Egyptian Revival. Ancient Egypt as the Inspiration for Design Motifs in the West (Abingdon, Routledge, 2005) 22–30.
  59. ^ Bryant, Julius. Villa Views and the Uninvited Audience in Arnold, Dana (eds.), The Georgian Villa. Allan Sutton Publishing Limited, 1996, p23
  60. ISBN 978-1857590135
    .
  61. OCLC 1156718283
    .
  62. ISBN 978-0521105798
    .
  63. JSTOR 1586331
    .
  64. ^ Hewlings 1989, p. 25.
  65. ^ John Harris and Gordon Higgott, Inigo Jones. Complete Architectural Drawings (London: Zwemmer, 1989) pp. 128–131.
  66. ^ Hewlings 1989, p. 53.
  67. ^ "The Kitchen Garden". Chiswick House & Gardens Trust. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  68. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-927439-0
    .
  69. ^ Groves & Mawrey 2010, p. 75.
  70. ^ Pound, Ricky, "Chiswick House-a Masonic Temple?", in Gillian Clegg (eds.), Brentford & Chiswick Local History Journal, Number 16, 2007,4–7
  71. ^ Pound, Ricky, "The Master Mason Slain: the Hiramic Legend in the Red Velvet Room at Chiswick House", in Richard Hewlings (eds.), "English Heritage Historical Review", Volume 4, 2009, 154–163
  72. ^ Carre, Jaques. Lord Burlington's Book Subscriptions. in Corp, Edward. Lord Burlington. The Man and his Politics. The Edward Mellen Press, 1998, p126
  73. ISBN 978-0-7506-2267-7
    .
  74. ISBN 978-0-7141-2765-1
    .
  75. ^ a b "History of Chiswick House". Chiswick House and Gardens Trust. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014.
  76. ^ "The Beatles". Chiswick House and Gardens Trust.
  77. ^ "What's On". Chiswick House & Gardens Trust. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  78. ^ Ellis, David (16 January 2017). "Magical Lantern Festival at Chiswick House: stunning displays light up grounds for Chinese New Year". Evening Standard.

Further reading

Bibliography
Periodicals
  • Bryant, Julius, "Chiswick House-the inside story. Policies and problems of restoration", in Apollo magazine, CXXXVI, 1992, 17–22
  • Cornforth, John, "Chiswick House, London", in Country Life, 16 February 1995, 32–37
  • Fellows, David, "This old house. Excavations at Chiswick House", in Current Archaeology, Number 223, October 2008, 20–29
  • Hewlings, Richard, "Palladio in England. Chiswick House, London", in Country Life, 28 January 2009, 46–51
  • Hewlings, Richard, "The Statues of Inigo Jones and Palladio at Chiswick House", in English Heritage Historical Review, Volume 2, 2007, 71–83
  • Hewlings, Richard, "The Link Room at Chiswick House. Lord Burlington as antiquarian", in Apollo magazine, CXLI, 1995, 28–29
  • Kingsbury, Pamela D., "The Tradition of the Soffitto Veneziano in Lord Burlington's Suburban Villa in Chiswick", in Architectural History, Volume 44, 2001, 145–152
  • Rosoman, Treve, "The Decoration and Use of the Principal Apartments of Chiswick House, 1727–70", in The Burlington Magazine, Volume 127, Number 991, October 1985, 663–677
  • Spence, R.T, "Chiswick House and its gardens", in The Burlington Magazine, Volume 135, Number 1085, August 1993, 525–531
  • Scanlan, Matthew, "A Masonic Temple in West London?", in Freemasonry Today, Winter 2006/7, Issue 39, 32–34
  • Carre, Jacques, "Lord Burlington's Garden at Chiswick", in Garden History, Volume 1, Number 3, Summer 1973, 23–30
  • Clegg, Gillian, "The Duke of Devonshire's Menagerie at Chiswick House", in Richard Hewlings (eds.) English Heritage Historical Review, Volume 3, 2008, 123–127
  • Harris, John, "Is Chiswick a 'Palladian' Garden?", in Garden History, Volume 32, No.1, Spring 2004, 124–136
  • Jacques, David, "What to Do about Earlier Inaccurate Restoration: A Case Study of Chiswick House", in APT Bulletin, Volume 24, Number 3/4, Conserving Historic Landscapes, 1992, 4–13
  • Sicca, Cinzia Maria, "Lord Burlington at Chiswick: Architecture and Landscape", in Garden History, Volume 10, Number 1, Spring 1982, 36–69

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chiswick House.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiswick_House&oldid=1217012684"