Combined Joint Task Force 180
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Combined
Previously Joint Task Force 180 had served as the headquarters leading the U.S. intervention in Haiti in 1994 ("Operation Uphold Democracy"). Again, it was built around the XVIII Corps. From May 2002 to March 2003 the U.S. formation that directed all Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan was led by Lieutenant General Dan K. McNeill. It was initially a three-star headquarters designated Combined Joint Task Force 180 (CJTF-180), a corps level headquarters whose staff members were provided by the headquarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps and other formations.[1]
Arrival
When the 10th Mountain Division headquarters arrived in Afghanistan in late 2001, its role was to serve as a forward HQ for the
The mission of CJTF-180 was to conduct operations to destroy remaining Al Qaeda/hostile Taliban command control and other hostile anti-Islamic Transitional Government of Afghanistan elements, trains Afghan National Army, and conducts directed information operations, civil military operations and humanitarian assistance operations in coordination with the ITGA in order to establish a stable and secure Afghanistan able to deter/defeat the re-emergence of terrorism.[3]
In mid 2003 ("weeks" after 1 May 2003) McNeill and the bulk of his staff from the XVIII Airborne Corps that had formed the core of CJTF-180 departed Afghanistan.
Then Major General
Department of Defense Authorization Appropriation statements for FY 2005 describe "...CJTF-180 is a division level organization that exercises command over 11 separate task forces; including 2 coalition battalions and other support, medical, engineering, and training units. It also has special operations capabilities assigned from U.S. and coalition nations."
On 15 April 2004 the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division arrived in Afghanistan and took command of CJTF-180 from the 10th Mountain Division. Lieutenant General Barno then decided to rename the CJTF because the “180” designation had traditionally been given to Joint task forces led by the Army's XVIII Airborne Corps. Barno chose Combined Joint Task Force 76 as the new name to evoke America’s history and the democratic spirit of 1776.[10] The CFC-A commander was hoping that this new designation would highlight the change in command at the operational level at a time when Afghanistan appeared to be moving closer to democracy.
Rotations
Operation Enduring Freedom I - Combined Joint Task Force Mountain, October 2001 to June 2002
Command and Control
10th Mountain Division
From October 2001 to June 2002,
Major Combat Operations
Between November 2001 and February 2002, the
Major units involved:
- 5th Special Forces Group
- United States Army
- 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment and 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment
- Task Force Rakkasan 187th Infantry Regiment (United States) of the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division
- Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
- British 45th Commando Group (Royal Marines)
- Other United States and Coalition Special Operations Forces from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, and Norway
- United States Air Force
- United States Navy
- Northern Alliance in Afghanistan
Operation Enduring Freedom II, June 2002 to January 2003
From June 2002 to January 2003, CJTF 180's mission was to conduct full-spectrum operations to prevent the reemergence of terror organizations and set the conditions for the growth of democracy in Afghanistan. A major effort was placed on organizing, equipping, arming and training the
McNeill took control of all civil-military operations by taking command of the Combined Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force (CJCMOTF).[11] CJTF-180 also gained operational control (OPCON) over Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force Afghanistan (CJSOTF-A), the SOF headquarters established earlier in 2002 when Joint Special Operations Task Force–North (JSOTF-N) and Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force–South (CJSOTF-S) had combined. Since the spring, the Soldiers of the CJSOTF had played a critical role in the training of the ANA and this effort continued after CJTF-180 arrived. But McNeill gave greater emphasis to the overall ANA program by taking formal control of the Office of Military Cooperation–Afghanistan (OMC-A) from the US Embassy.
In mid 2002 there was both a combat division HQ and combat brigade rotation. By July 2002 the tactical-level units from the 10th Mountain Division and the 101st Airborne Division, including TF Rakkasan, had all departed Afghanistan; the CTF Mountain headquarters staff followed in early September. They were replaced by
The
In early October 2002, the 3-505 PIR used FOB Salerno to launch Operation VILLAGE SEARCH.[13] This operation focused on four villages near the Pakistani border suspected of harboring both Taliban fighters and weapons caches. But to engage the villages, the paratroopers used techniques that were less aggressive than those used during MOUNTAIN SWEEP, indicating that they had paid attention to the comments made by the ODAs after that operation. During VILLAGE SEARCH, unit leaders explained their intentions to village elders, asked permission to search homes, and had female Soldiers search the women. In addition, while searches were in progress, CA teams politely inquired about medical conditions and the general needs of the villages to identify potential reconstruction projects.
From January to February 2003, CJTF-180 conducted
In March 2003,
Major Units Involved:
- 3rd Special Forces Group (United States)
- United States Army
- 28th Public Affairs Detachment, United States Army
- 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division
- 45 Commando Group, British Royal Marines
- United States Army Rangers
- Coalition Special Operations Forces from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, and Norway
- United States Air Force
- United States Navy
Operation Enduring Freedom IV - Combined Joint Task Force 180, July 2003 to May 2004
Command and Control
10th Mountain Division
From July 2003 to May 2004, CJTF-180 continued security and stabilization operations in Afghanistan to support development of representative Afghanistan Government.
Major Combat Operations
From August to September 2003 during
Major Units Involved:
- Afghan National Army
- 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (including 1st Battalion, 501st Airborne Infantry Regiment, 172nd Infantry Brigade from Alaska)
- 911th Forward Surgical Unit
- 2nd Marine Regiment
- 8th Marine Regiment
- Romanian 151st and 208th Infantry Battalions
- Task Force Ares (French special forces)
- United States and Coalition Special Operations Forces
- United States Air Force
- United States Navy
Commanders
- Lieutenant General Dan K. McNeill
- Major General John R. Vines (until September 2003)
- Brigadier General Lloyd J. Austin(September 2003-November 2003)
References
- ^ Spencer C. Tucker (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf
- ^ Adapted from U.S. Army, A Different Kind of War, 189.
- ^ "Home". Archived from the original on 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
- ^ U.S. Army, A Different Kind of War, 237.
- ^ DKW, 238.
- ^ Koontz, Christopher N. Enduring Voices: Oral Histories of the US Army Experience in Afghanistan, 2003–2005. Government Printing Office, 2008, 14.
- ^ Enduring Voices, 14.
- ^ Fred Kaplan, The Insurgents, 320.
- ^ Enduring Voices
- ^ Lieutenant General David W. Barno, interview by Center for Military History, 21 November 2006, 31–32, in A Different Kind of War.
- ^ A Different Kind of War, 211.
- ^ See Colin Robinson, 'Adjusting to Twenty-First Century Warfare,' New Zealand International Review, Vol. XXIX, No. 6, November–December 2004, 21.
- ^ A Different Kind of War, 216.
Further reading
- Donald P. Wright & al., A Different Kind of War : The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) October 2001-September 2005, Fort Leavenworth, Kan. : Combat Studies Institute Press, 2009 http://documents.nytimes.com/a-different-kind-of-war#p=1
- Bolger 'Why We Lost'
- Auerswald, David P. & Stephen M. Saideman, eds. NATO in Afghanistan: Fighting Together, Fighting Alone (Princeton U.P. 2014) This book breaks down the history of the U.S. effort in Afghanistan down by deployed commander, including Barno's effort to implement more of a counter-insurgency strategy that Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld desired. Also useful in this fashion are Kaplan, "The Insurgents", and "A Different Kind of War.
- Mansager, Colonel Tucker B., USA. "Interagency Lessons Learned in Afghanistan." Joint Force Quarterly (First Quarter 2006): 80-84.
- Maloney, Sean M (2005), Enduring the Freedom: A Rogue Historian in Afghanistan, Washington, DC: Potomac Books, ISBN 1-57488-953-2.