Culture of Sussex
The culture of Sussex refers to the pattern of
Sometimes thought by outsiders to be some sort of rural adjunct to London, Sussex has a cultural identity as unique as any other English county.
Sussex is known for its strong tradition of
Architecture
Sussex's building materials reflect its geology, consisting of flint on and near the South Downs and sandstone in the Weald.[15] Brick is used across the county,[15] with some regional variation. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Brighton and Lewes both developed black glazed bricks[15] and Worthing developed pale yellow bricks.[16] A composite building material known as bungaroosh was used from the mid-18th to late-19th centuries in the south of the county between Worthing and Lewes,[17] and most especially in Brighton and Hove, but is little-known elsewhere.[18]
Typically conservative and moderate,
Rare elsewhere, but common in Sussex is the Sussex cap, a type of blunt pyramidal roof of red tiles on a church tower.[20][21] Another architectural feature strongly associated with Sussex is the tapsel gate, a type of wooden gate found only in the county.[22] Also typical of Sussex is the heave-gate (often pronounced simply 'e'gate) as an effective stockproof barrier at a field entrance or between fields. Made with two horizontal rails connected by several vertical rails with two diagonal bracing rails, it is heaved into place by feeding the two horizontal rails into two larger holes in one gate post, and then heaved in the other direction tightly into two smaller holes in the other gate post.<https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10218449008805079&set=p.10218449008805079&type=1&theater> From the seventeenth century, a type of building material called 'mathematical tiles' were used, and their use in Sussex became very common in the closing years of the 18th century.[23][24] The architectural feature known as the 'boat porch' is a type of ogee-arched rendered porch found only in Worthing.[25]
Important Norman architecture in Sussex includes Chichester Cathedral, the ruins of Lewes Priory and Battle Abbey as well as Norman remains in the castles at Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings. From the medieval period, there are numerous examples of the Wealden hall house, especially in the east of the Sussex Weald. Some of Sussex's atmospheric stately homes include Herstmonceux Castle,
Cinema
The first film show in Sussex was in March 1896 in Brighton, the first in the UK outside of London.
Several critically acclaimed films have been set in Sussex including
Film directors from Sussex include
Two of the UK's oldest cinemas are in Sussex: the Duke of York's Picture House in Brighton, which opened in 1910, and Worthing's Dome Cinema which opened in 1911.
Cuisine
The historic county is known for its "seven good things of Sussex".
Sussex is also known for its cakes and biscuits known as Sussex plum heavies The county has vineyards and has
At least 30 varieties of apple originate in Sussex
Cultural identity
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries there existed a high level of patriotism towards Sussex.[8] It was in this period that Sussex's anthem "Sussex by the Sea" was written, and literature celebrating the county produced by writers including Rudyard Kipling and Hilaire Belloc. Sussex has a centuries-old reputation for being separate and culturally distinct from the rest of England;[4][66] This sense of separateness inspired intense patriotic sentiment and strongly infused Sussex literature from the 1890s.[67]
As a former kingdom, Sussex had a strong identity from this period, which was enhanced by its framework of a long coastline, the South Downs and the wooded Weald to its north.[67] Until at least the 18th century, the poor roads of the Weald tended to isolate Sussex, making the county largely self-supporting.[67] Even into Victorian period, devotees of the county liked to think they were living in a land older than England.[67] Culturally, Sussex historically looked in a southerly direction to the sea, rather than northwards to London. This can be deduced from a variety of sources, but perhaps the most striking are the earlier estate maps from the 17th and 18th centuries. Almost all of them place south at the top of the map, opposite to the standard convention of north-up.[68] The presence of the sea and a long coastline has affected Sussex's relationship with London, making London of considerably less significance to Sussex than it is to Kent or Surrey.[68]
Belloc called Sussex "the resistant county".[69] Writing in 1929, Belloc stated that "One may talk a little fantastically but without too much exaggeration of "the Kingdom of Sussex".[69] Writing in 1960s, Ian Nairn stated that despite its relative proximity to London to its north, Sussex looks south - the south of the county to the sea and the north to the line of the Downs which indicates the sea lying beyond.[70] As the 20th century progressed, the character of Sussex and its dialect and customs eroded, but its people enjoyed a wealthier standard of living. Poverty and isolation had been key to the strength of a distinct Sussex identity; once they were removed, that identity weakened.[4] Sussex's reputation for distinctiveness is repeated in literature. In Stella Gibbons's novel Cold Comfort Farm, Flora Poste, the central character muses that "Sussex, when all said and done, is not quite like other counties".[71][72]
Some have suggested that the distinct cultural Sussex identity is fast diminishing, as parts of the county under urban sprawl.[8] Peter Brandon suggested in 2010 that Sussex may cease to exist as a separate cultural entity in the next 50–60 years.[8] Historian Chris Hare advocates a devolved regional assembly for Sussex[4] and Brighton Kemptown MP, Lloyd Russell-Moyle has called for a Sussex Parliament, with tax-raising powers similar to the Welsh Senedd and for regional representation for Sussex in a reformed House of Lords.[73][74][75] Peter Brandon advocates the reunification of East and West Sussex.[76]
Dialect
Historically, Sussex has had its own dialect with regional differences reflecting its cultural history. It has been divided into variants for the three western rapes of West Sussex, the two eastern rapes of Lewes and Pevensey and an area approximate to the easternmost rape of Hastings.[4][77] The Sussex dialect is also notable in having an unusually large number of words for mud, in a way similar to the popular belief which exists that the Inuit have an unusually large number of words for snow.[78]
Folklore
Various mythical creatures and beings have been associated with Sussex, often inspired by landscape features such as hills, barrows and woodland. These include dragons and giants, fairies and the Devil.
The legendary
A belief in fairies was formerly widespread.
In Sussex folklore, the Devil is often portrayed as a folk villain and a figure of fun, outwitted either by the local populace or in some stories by St Dunstan or St Cuthman. Various landscape features in Sussex are named after the Devil, including Devil's Dyke, Devil's Bog in Ashdown Forest, Devil's Book, near Mount Caburn, the Devil's Ditch, near Goodwood, the Devil's Humps, the Devil's Jumps and the Devil's Road, a section of the Roman road, Stane Street.[79]
Humour
In the early 20th century and earlier, the traditional Sussex sense of humour was characterised by understatement,[83] deadpan delivery[84] and black comedy. The historian Desmond Seward has described the Sussex sense of humour as "dry, ironical and occasionally savage".[85] Several traditional Sussex folk songs also capture the 'Silly Sussex' humour of the county.[2]
Two Sussex variety and music hall comedians achieved significant success in the early 20th century -
Literature
Writing in the early 16th century,
Some writers born in Sussex include the
The poet, writer and Member of Parliament
The twentieth-century novelist Sheila Kaye-Smith (1887–1956) was born in St Leonards-on-Sea, near Hastings, and lived most of her life in Sussex. She is known for her many novels in the British regional literature genre, which are set in the borderlands of Sussex and Kent. Poet, playwright and novelist Maureen Duffy (1933- ) comes from Worthing, while the novelist Hammond Innes (1913–98) was born in Horsham.
In addition there are writers, who while they were not born in Sussex had a strong connection. This includes
A. A. Milne lived in Ashdown Forest for much of his life and set his Winnie-the-Pooh stories in the forest.
Music
Sussex's rich musical heritage encompasses folk, classical and popular genres amongst others. Passed on through
Sussex has also been home to many composers of classical music including
Religion
Sussex is connected with several saints, including
.
Historically, the west of the county has had a tendency towards Catholicism while the east of the county has had a tendency towards non-conformism.
Science
In the 14th century,
In the 20th century,
In the
In the early 20th century, Sussex was at the centre of one of what has been described as 'British archaeology's greatest hoax'.
Sport
Sussex has a centuries-long tradition of sport. Sussex has played a key role in the early development of both
The sport of stoolball is also associated with Sussex, which has a claim to be where the sport originated and certainly where its revival took place in the early 20th century. Sussex is represented in the
Visual arts
Some of the earliest known art in Sussex is the carvings in the galleries of the
Dating from around the 12th century, the 'Lewes Group' of
In the late 18th century several men commissioned important works of the county which ensured that its landscapes and daily life were captured onto canvas.
In the 19th century landscape watercolourist
In the early 20th century
Sculpture
The Cass Sculpture Foundation is based at Goodwood. Chichester Cathedral has the early Chichester reliefs which affected the likes of the young Eric Gill growing up nearby and Henry Moore. Chichester Cathedral is also home to several contemporary works by John Skelton who lived and worked at Streat near Ditchling. Skelton was nephew of Eric Gill whose Ditchling community saw a number of important artists pass through. Worthing Museum and Art Gallery has works in the collection by Philip Jackson, Dora Gordine and John Skelton. Henri Gaudier-Brzeska's letters to Sophie Brzeska[144] documents their visit to Littlehampton in 1913 to recuperate, not having seen the sea for a year. Peter Randall-Page grew up in Crowborough[145] spending his childhood exploring Ashdown Forest. Philip Jackson lives and works in West Sussex.
See also
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