History of Christianity in Sussex
The history of Christianity in Sussex includes all aspects of the Christianity in the region that is now Sussex from its introduction to the present day. Christianity is the most commonly practised religion in Sussex.
Early history
After the Roman conquest of AD 43, the Celtic society of Sussex became heavily Romanized.[1][2]
The first written account of Christianity in Britain comes from the early Christian
When Roman rule eventually ceased, Christianity was probably confined to urban communities.
Medieval
Saxon
After the departure of the Roman army, the Saxons arrived and founded the Kingdom of Sussex in the 5th century, bringing with them their polytheistic religion.[8][9] The Saxon pagan culture probably caused a reversal of the spread of Christianity.[10] According to Bede, Sussex was the last of the mainland Anglo Saxon kingdoms to be converted.[9]
Shortly after Æðelwealh granted land to Wilfrid for the church,
The church built at Steyning was one of around 50
Various monastic houses were established in the Saxon period in Sussex including at Selsey Abbey, Lyminster Priory, Aldingbourne, Beddingham, Bosham, Chichester, Ferring and South Malling, near Lewes.
Norman and Angevin
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, there was a purge of the English episcopate in 1070.
Bishop Ralph Luffa is credited with the foundation of the current Chichester Cathedral.[22] The original structure that had been built by Stigand was largely destroyed by fire in 1114.[22]
The medieval church also set up various hospitals and schools in Sussex, including St Mary's Hospital in Chichester (c. 1290-1300);[23] St Nicholas' Hospital in Lewes, which was run by the monks of Lewes Priory;[24] and the Prebendal School close to Chichester Cathedral.
The
Sussex has strong links with the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller including at Shipley, Poling and Sompting.
In the 13th century, Richard of Chichester was canonised as a saint, and a shrine dedicated to him at Chichester Cathedral became an important place of pilgrimage. St Richard later became Sussex's patron saint.
In 1450 Adam Moleyns became the first and only bishop of Chichester to be assassinated. Troops had been gathered to send to the war in France, but bad weather delayed their departure, and troops raided several towns along the coast. Moleyns was sent to Portsmouth to pay troops their outstanding wages, but was beaten so severely by the mob of soldiers that he died.[26]
There is very little evidence of Lollardy in Sussex in the 15th century. Only one person was burnt to death as a Lollard, Thomas Bageley.[27] Goring argues that pockets of Lollardy existed in the High Weald for over a century before Henry VIII's break with Rome. Lollards tended to congregate near diocesan boundaries so that they could flee across the boundary to safety.[27] Reginald Pecock, bishop of Chichester from 1450–1459, was accused of heresy and only saved his life by privately and publicly renouncing his opinions.
Early modern
During this period Sussex has been described "as an anomaly: a southern county with a religious dynamic more in keeping with those of the north, connected to the Continent as much as the rest of the country, an entity that resisted easy co-option into Elizabeth I's 'little Israel of England'."[28] Rye was probably the most Protestant of all Sussex towns, gaining a reputation as a 'godly commonwealth' well before the end of Henry VIII's reign.[29] There was also strong opposition to the imposition of mass by Mary I.[29]
The Reformation
As in the rest of the country, the Church of England's split with Rome during the reign of
In 1538 there was a royal order for the demolition of the shrine of St Richard of Chichester in Chichester Cathedral.[34] Thomas Cromwell saying that there was "a certain kind of idolatry about the shrine".[34]
Richard Sampson, Bishop of Chichester, incurred the displeasure of Cromwell and ended up imprisoned in the Tower of London at the end of 1539.[35] Sampson was released after Cromwell's fall from favour and execution in 1540.[35] Sampson then continued at the see of Chichester for a further two years.[35] He was succeeded as Bishop of Chichester by George Day.[35] Day opposed the changes, and incurred the displeasure of the royal commissioners, who promptly suspended him as Bishop and allowed him only to preach in his cathedral church.[36]
Henry VIII died in 1547; his son
The bishops of Chichester had not been in favour of the Reformation until the appointment of John Scory to the episcopate in 1552.[37] During Henry VIII's reign two of the canons of Chichester Cathedral had been executed for their opposition to the Reformation, and during Edward VI's reign George Day was ultimately imprisoned for his opposition to the reforms.[37]
Reign of Mary I
There had been twenty years of religious reform when the Catholic, Mary Tudor succeeded to the throne of England in 1553.[39] Mary expected her clergy to be unmarried, so Bishop Scory thought it prudent to retire as he was a married man, and George Day was released and restored to the see of Chichester.[40]
Mary's persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary".
There was a range of Protestant beliefs in Sussex during the reign of Queen Mary.[44] Sussex's proximity to the Continent left it particularly exposed to European Protestantism, while its proximity to large parts of the Weald also left it open to pre-Reformation Protestantism.[44] This was particularly so in the east of the county, with its trade links to Protestant areas of northern Europe and it[clarification needed] covering a large part of the Weald, as well as being close to the Kentish border.[44]
Reign of Elizabeth I
When Mary died in 1558, she was replaced by her Protestant sister
A case can be made for the Reformation as a religious phenomenon only arriving in Sussex with Bishop Richard Curteys from 1570. In the west, Curteys' reforms were hampered by the noble Catholic families, and in the east by more radical forms of Protestantism.[45] Until then the loyal but conservative bishops Sherborne, Sampson and Day did not appear to enforce doctrinal orthodoxy.[45] Through the influence of Richard Curteys, the Reformation in Sussex took on a Puritan tone from the 1570s and a tradition of 'radical parochialism' developed with well-educated preachers supporting ministers, often sponsored by Puritan landowners.[46] Curteys circumvented the existing clergy by bringing in 'lecturers' or unbeneficed clergy who provided a new preaching tradition, and also gathered some existing clergy who were sympathetic to his aims. This was particularly strong in the Lewes area, in part because of its European trade links.[citation needed]
During the 1570s Puritan Christian names like "Feregod" became common in the Weald.
In the late 16th century, Sussex was a complicated and divided region. The countryside was largely Catholic, dominated by the ancient Catholic families: the Howards at Arundel, the Percys at Petworth House, the Gages at Firle, the Brownes (the Lords Montague) at Cowdray Park, the Palmers at Parham House, as well as other minor dynasties like the Carylls, Lewkenors, Shelleys and Kemps. At the start of Elizabeth's reign all six of Sussex's noble families were Catholic.
At the end of Elizabeth's reign, Catholicism continued to be tolerated. On the death of her husband, Lady Montague withdrew to Battle Abbey, the family's seat in the east of the county. The establishment of what became known as "Little Rome" became a focal point for the local Catholic community, with as many as 120 people attending Mass.[52] This shows that long-standing political loyalty by Catholics was repaid by a form of toleration.
The Catholic Sussex families which suffered imprisonment or financial ruin at this time were mostly those that were involved in conspiracies against Elizabeth. After the uprising of 1569, the
With further legislation in the 1580s, Sussex Catholics caught harbouring priests were guilty of treason. Significantly, no member of the Sussex gentry or nobility was ever charged under these laws, and neither was there ever any uprising, even though there was a significant Catholic community in Sussex. In this, the west of Sussex was out of step with the rest of England, just as attempts to impose a "Godly magistracy" in Rye in the east of the county was out of step with the rest of Protestant England.
17th century
In the 17th century, the diocese of Chichester was home to several
In the 1620s and 1630s many communities had licensed preachers. Lectureships at Rye, Lewes, Horsham and Midhurst extended preaching to the towns with the full support of the local gentry. From this time, Sabbatarianism gained ground with suppression of games and disorder.[56] Bishop Montagu put forward extreme views against Puritanism and stressed the importance of ritual.[57] Anthony Stapley, chairman of the Michaelmas quarter sessions in Sussex, was persuaded by Puritans to develop a harangue against the bishops in 1639, and in 1641 Stapley and Thomas Pelham petitioned Parliament on this issue.[57] Latent hostility towards Catholics increased; and although Sussex contained as large a proportion of recusant households as many of the northern counties, few Catholic gentry in the county openly supported the king.[58]
There were no battles of national significance in Sussex, during the 1642–1651 English civil war; however there were small sieges at Chichester and Arundel.
"... brake down the Organs and dashing the pipes with their Pole-axes..."
Mercurius Rusticus p. 139
Destruction of the cathedrals' music seems to have been one of the objectives, as Ryves also said, of Waller's men, that...
"they force open all the locks, either of doors or desks wherein the Singing-men laid up their Common-Prayer Books, their singing-Books, their Gowns and Surplesses they rent the Books in pieces and scatter the torn leaves all over the Church, even to the covering of the Pavement.."
Mercurius Rusticus p. 140
In 1643, Francis Bell, one of the priests at the Catholic mission in West Grinstead, was executed, along with other priests. The Caryll family were frequently persecuted and fined.[54]
During Cromwell's interregnum, Rye stood out as a Puritan 'Common Wealth', a centre of social experiment and rigorous public morality under vicar Joseph Beeton and his successor John Allen.[citation needed] The people of Rye seem in general to have ignored the strict sabbatarianism enforced by the constables, particularly where 'immoderate drinking' was concerned.[citation needed]
Sussex Quakers and emigration to British North America
About a quarter of the incumbents were forced from their parishes and replaced with Puritans.
Following the Rye House Plot of 1683 a new wave of religious persecution swept across England.[63] Until the passing of the Toleration Act received royal assent in 1689 Quakers in Sussex and elsewhere had suffered considerable persecution, many of whom were imprisoned in Horsham Jail.[citation needed] While living at Warminghurst, Penn too was persecuted for his Quaker faith.[citation needed] The 1684 Chichester Quarter Sessions recorded that William Penn "being a factitious and seditious person doth frequently entertain and keep an unlawful assemblage and conventicle in his dwelling house at Warminghurst to the terror of the King's liege people."[citation needed] Penn sold the estate, at Warminghurst, to a James Butler in 1707.[66][67]
The Quakers in Sussex debated with
The Restoration of the English monarchy began in 1660 under Charles II.[70] It took over a year, after the restoration of Charles II in May 1660, for Chichester cathedral to get its choir back to full strength.[71]
In the late 17th century, Sussex was a stronghold of the
In 1676 the Sussex parishes with the highest proportion of Catholics were almost entirely in the two most westerly Rapes of Chichester and Arundel: at least ten per cent of the population were Catholic in the parishes of Burton, Clapham, Coates, Midhurst, Racton, Shipley and Westfield.[73]
In 1678 a former Hastings rector,
Late modern
18th century
There was a significant decline in non-conformity in Sussex in the early 18th century. Between 1676 and 1724 the strength of non-conformity in the county was reduced by at least one quarter. Around a third of the parishes in Sussex in 1724 had no dissenters. For instance in 1676, Horsham had over 100 non-conformists but by 1724 there were just 34.[74]
The number of dissenters fell from 4,300 in 1676 to around 3,300 in 1724.[74] In the 18th century, the Sussex grocer, Thomas Turner left a diary which suggests a high level of theological literacy amongst laypeople.[75] At this time, the Sussex Weald and bordering towns such as Lewes were home to a number of fundamentalist sects.[76] Cade Street Chapel in Heathfield was founded in 1769 for the followers of George Gilbert, who was popularly styled as 'The Apostle of Sussex'. Gilbert also preached in surrounding villages, often with great hardship and difficulty: at Ticehurst he was pelted with stones when the bells rang; at Bexhill he was plastered from head to toe in filth, and a large drum was played to drown out the sound of his voice until a woman put a knife into the drum.[76]
Under Caffyn's guidance a General Baptist chapel was founded in Horsham in 1719,[77] bringing together Baptists who had met in small house-groups in the town since 1669[78] or possibly as early as 1645.[77] Worshippers from across northern Sussex came to this chapel; many were from the village of Billingshurst a few miles away.[78][79] This group later became large enough to split from the Horsham congregation and establish a chapel in their home village.
Methodist pioneers came to the Rape of Hastings in 1756, with John Wesley visiting Rye in 1758.[80] Wesley's last open air sermon was held in nearby Winchelsea in 1790.[80] The Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion's first church was set up in 1761 in North Street, Brighton in what was originally Selina, Countess of Huntingdon's garden.
Sussex had a significantly larger proportion of Catholics than other southern counties.
19th Century
Roman Catholic Church
Brighton's Roman Catholic community at the time of the Relief Act was small, but two factors caused it to grow in the 1790s. Many refugees from the
The first Catholic place of worship since the Reformation in Brighton was established above a shop in 1798;[85] it was one of the earliest in Britain.[84] In 1805 the priest in charge, a French émigré, started to raise money for a permanent building; a site on High Street, east of the Royal Pavilion and Old Steine, was found, and the Classical-style church was completed in 1807.[85] It was demolished in 1981.[86]
In 1818 the new rector, a friend of Maria Fitzherbert, wanted to extend the church. Mrs Fitzherbert donated £1,000 for this purpose, but before any action could be taken the events of 1829, when Catholic emancipation was fully achieved, encouraged Brighton's Catholic community to seek a new site for a larger, more elaborate church. A piece of undeveloped land on the estate of the Marquess of Bristol was bought for £1,050, and William Hallett, later a mayor of Brighton, designed and built the new church of St John the Baptist.[85][86] It was consecrated on 7 July 1835 and opened on 9 July 1835. Many of the 900 Catholic churches opened in England since the 1791 Roman Catholic Relief Act had not been consecrated by that stage, so St John the Baptist's was only the fourth new church to be consecrated in England since the Reformation in the 16th century.[86]
Founded in 1873,
Non-conformist churches
Despite Methodism's early progress around Rye and Winchelsea in the Rape of Hastings, Methodism took longer to gain ground in the rest of Sussex.[87] Methodism in the coastal towns of Sussex had a very unusual origin in that it was Methodists in the army who were the main or contributory founders of Methodism in towns from Chichester to Bexhill, including Lewes.[87] Michael Hickman has argued that it was not until 1803 when Methodists and others in the army were allowed to worship freely on Sundays that Methodist soldiers could support or found Methodist societies in Sussex.[87] 1805 saw the timber-framed Jireh Chapel open in Lewes, for Calvinist William Huntington whose tomb is at the rear of the chapel.[76]
The General Baptist congregations at Billingshurst, Ditchling and Horsham gradually moved from General Baptist beliefs towards Unitarianism in the early 19th century.[78][88]
In the mid 19th century
1851 census
In 1851 the authorities organised a census of places of worship in England and Wales.[91] The figures for Sussex indicated that there were more Anglican than non-conformist places of worship.[91] In the neighbouring counties of Hampshire and Kent, there were more non-conformist places than Anglican.[91]
Sussex Places of Worship 1851 Table based on figures in Census of Great Britain 1851. Religious Worship..[92] | ||
Denomination | Places of Worship | |
---|---|---|
Church of England | 350 | |
Independents | 78 | |
Baptists | 40 | |
Society of Friends | 5 | |
Unitarians | 5 | |
Methodists | 75 | |
Isolated Congregations* | 32 | |
Roman Catholics | 8 | |
Catholic and Apostolic | 1 | |
Latter Day Saints | 2 | |
Jewish | 1 | |
* Isolated Congregations do not belong to any particular sect and are independent of each other. |
The 1851 census shows that the Anglican church was particularly strong in the west of the county. These were areas where settlements were predominantly
Just over 40% of the places of worship in Sussex in 1851 were non-conformist, mainly Independents, Wesleyan Methodists and Baptists.[95] There were also smaller congregations of Catholics, Quakers, Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion and Unitarians. Non-conformist chapels did well particularly in the Weald.[95]
Old dissent - dating back to Lollardy, such as Baptists, Unitarians and Quakers - remained more popular than new dissent and could be seen particularly in the Weald and on the Downs. It was particularly noticeable in the towns such as Brighton, Shoreham, Hastings and Rye.[97] Some parts of Sussex were areas of strength for Baptists, but the west was an area of relative weakness.[98] Overall in Sussex, Wesleyan Methodism had some of the fewest adherents in Sussex in all of England. However Wesleyan Methodism was strong in the rape of Hastings along the border with Kent;[citation needed] it was weakest in the county west of Eastbourne.[99] Primitive Methodists were almost absent from Sussex.[100]
Anglo-Catholic reform in the Anglican Church and subsequent protest
In the mid 19th century, divine Frederick William Robertson became well-known and preached at the Holy Trinity Church, Brighton.
Formed in the 19th century, the cult of the Sussex martyrs was instigated at a time of the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in England, bolstered by an increase in the Irish Catholic population, as well as the high-profile conversion to Catholicism of members of the Oxford movement, including Cardinal Newman and former
In the mid 19th century the practice of burning an effigy of Pope Paul V at the
At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, memorials were erected across Sussex and several other English counties to honour people burnt to death as heretics in the reigns of Henry VIII and Mary I. These were largely a reminder of religious divisions of more than three centuries earlier which seemed remote from the public preoccupations of the day. The actions could only be seen an anti-Catholic or at least anti-papal. Whilst moderate supporters did not wish to offend the Catholic community, a memorial in Heathfield read "burnt to death at Lewes by the Roman Catholics". These monuments did not commemorate the martyrdoms of Catholics or the Protestant opponents of state-imposed orthodoxy, except where they were erected by nonconformists.[105] Anger was directed against the Anglo-Catholic community more than Catholics.[106]
In the Anglican church in the 19th century, the role of ritual became subject of great, often heated, debate. In Brighton the Anglican church became influenced by the
In 1884 rioting ensued in Worthing, Eastbourne and Shoreham as mobs of people including members of the
Contemporary Christianity
Church of England
In the Church of England in Sussex, the administration of the diocese of Chichester which covers the county was changed in 1912. In addition to the existing archdeaconries of Chichester and Lewes that date from the 12th century, a third archdeaconry of Hastings was created. This structure remained in place until the archdeaconries were reorganised under Eric Kemp in 1975. The archdeaconry of Hastings was dissolved and merged back into the archdeaconry of Lewes, which was renamed the archdeaconry of Lewes and Hastings. A new archdeaconry was created in the north of the county - the archdeaconry of Horsham.[112][113] This structure remained until 2014 when the archdeaconry of Hastings was recreated in the east of the county and the archeaconry of Lewes and Hastings was renamed the archdeaconry of Brighton and Lewes. The suffragan Bishop of Horsham oversees the archdeaconries of Chichester and Horsham, while the suffragan Bishop of Lewes oversees the archdeaconries of Brighton & Lewes and Hastings. The bishop of Chichester retains oversight over the entire diocese of Chichester i.e. all of Sussex.
On 16 November 2001, Pat Sinton, became the first woman priest in Sussex to be ordained. Sinton was ordained by
Roman Catholic Church
In 1900 the Roman Catholic nun
Relations with Sussex churches
Appointed as Bishop of Chichester in 1929,
There is a history of religious antagonism and anti-popery around the bonfire celebrations in Lewes.
In the 21st century, controversy continues to be associated around the Bonfire societies and competing definitions of tradition and bigotry.[116] For instance, the burning in effigy of Pope Paul V was described in 2012 as "a scandalous piece of stone-cold bigotry"[120]
Other Christian denominations
Established in 1971 the
and Eastbourne.Following the Second Sudanese Civil War, many refugees came to Brighton and Hove and neighbouring areas. Hove and Worthing are now home to Coptic Orthodox Churches, two of 28 such churches in the British Isles. The churches were visited in 2017 by Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria and Bishop Paula of Tanta.[121][122][123] In 1998 the congregation at Jireh Chapel in Lewes took the decision to affiliate with the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster.[118] The church is one of seven such churches established in England.[124]
In the Old Roman Catholic Church in Europe in 2012, Jerome Lloyd was made Metropolitan Archbishop of Selsey (officially "Archbishop Metropolitan of the Isle of the Seals (Selsey) and the New Market of the Regnenses (i.e. of the Celtic tribe the Romans conquered in AD43, now called Chichester) in the Kingdom of the South Saxons (i.e. Sussex)".[125] The archbishop works on various projects to help homeless people in Brighton.[125]
The turn of the 21st century saw the rise of so-called
Current and former places of worship
Lists of all current and former places of worship in Sussex by district are as follows:
- Adur District
- Arun District
- Brighton and Hove
- Chichester (current)
- Chichester (former)
- Crawley
- Eastbourne
- Hastings
- Horsham District
- Lewes District
- Mid Sussex
- Rother
- Wealden (current)
- Wealden (former)
- Worthing
See also
- History of Christianity in England
- History of Sussex
- Religion in Sussex
- List of monastic houses in East Sussex
- List of monastic houses in West Sussex
- History of local government in Sussex
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