Cyclones Judy and Kevin
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
as for Cyclone Judy | |
Formed | 23 February 2023 |
Extratropical | 3 March 2023 |
Dissipated | 6 March 2023 |
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | |
10-minute sustained (FMS) | |
Highest winds | 185 km/h (115 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg |
Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 195 km/h (120 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 947 hPa (mbar); 27.96 inHg |
Meteorological history | |
as for Cyclone Kevin | |
Formed | 27 February 2023 |
Extratropical | 5 March 2023 |
Dissipated | 12 March 2023 |
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone | |
10-minute sustained (FMS) | |
Highest winds | 230 km/h (145 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 913 hPa (mbar); 26.96 inHg |
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 260 km/h (160 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg |
Overall effects | |
Casualties | None reported |
Damage | $433 million |
Areas affected | Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga |
IBTrACS: Judy, Kevin | |
Part of the 2022–23 Australian region and South Pacific cyclone seasons |
Severe Tropical Cyclones Judy and Kevin were a pair of intense tropical cyclones that made landfall on the Pacific island nation of Vanuatu within 48 hours of each other in March 2023. They were the fourth and fifth named storms of the 2022–23 South Pacific cyclone season respectively, as well as the second and third severe tropical cyclones of the season. By the end of February, Judy had affected the Solomon Islands, and shortly after, Kevin began to affect the country.
The origins of the tropical cyclones started with Judy forming as a tropical disturbance in the
The nations were pounded by powerful winds and destructive seas. Vanuatu was heavily affected, being struck by both cyclones two days apart. The government asked Australia and New Zealand for aid shortly after Judy's passage. During 3 March, as Kevin was impacting the islands, a magnitude 6.5 earthquake hit just west of Espiritu Santo, and then a magnitude 5.5 earthquake aftershock hit the island shortly after. Nonetheless, no deaths or significant injuries have been reported in connection with either cyclone. Total damages from the two cyclones is estimated to reach $433 million USD.[1]
Meteorological history
Cyclone Judy
On 23 February, the
During 26 February, as the disturbance continued to develop, the United States
By 09:00 UTC on 28 February, Judy had strengthened into a Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone on the
Turning southeastward, Judy further weakened into a Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone, as unfavorable environment that consisted of cooling sea surface temperatures and high wind shear unraveled the storm's central convection.[23] At the same time, the FMS passed the responsibility of warning the system to the New Zealand MetService, as it left their area of responsibility.[24][25] At 06:00 UTC the next day, the MetService downgraded Judy to a Category 2 tropical cyclone.[26] Three hours later, the JTWC reclassified Judy as a subtropical system, noting its central convection had been severely sheared to the southeast, partially exposing its low-level circulation center, along with significant erosion of its western peripheries due to an intrusion of a mid-level trough to its southwest.[27] By 4 March, Judy had transitioned to a storm-force extratropical cyclone, with its winds weakening to gale-force 12 hours later.[28][29] It was last noted as a gale-force low two days later on 6 March, about 955 km (595 mi) to the south of Tubuai, French Polynesia, then it dissipated the same time it was last noted as a gale-force low.[30]
Cyclone Kevin
On 27 February, the Australian
At 21:00 UTC that same day, 09F strengthened into a Category 1 tropical cyclone in the Australian scale, with the FMS naming it as Kevin.[37] The JTWC subsequently followed suit and initiated advisories on the system.[38] Moving east-southeast under the influence of a subtropical ridge in the same direction, Kevin intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone three hours later, as deep convection tightly wrapped its partially exposed low-level circulation center.[39][40] At 18:00 UTC on 2 March, Kevin intensified into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[41] The JTWC subsequently upgraded the system into a Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone in the Saffir-Simpson scale three hours later, as a large central dense overcast (CDO) developed over its low-level circulation center.[42]
Owing to a favorable environment of warm sea surface temperatures, low wind shear and moderate radial outflow, Kevin intensified to a Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone by the next day,
At the same time, the JTWC further downgraded Kevin to a Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone, as it continued to rapidly weaken.[53] By 06:00 UTC that same day, the MetService reported that Kevin further weakened to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone.[54] The JTWC subsequently downgraded the system to a Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone,[55] before reclassifying Kevin as a subtropical cyclone and issuing their final advisory nine hours later, as the low-level circulation center became partially exposed due to convection becoming decoupled southeastwards.[56] The MetService further downgraded Kevin to a Category 2 tropical cyclone at 18:00 UTC that same day, before it transitioned into a gale-force extratropical cyclone by 6 March.[57][58] The remnants of the system continued southeastwards, before weakening below gale-force late on 8 March.[59][60] Kevin's remnants were last noted in the MetService's bulletins on 11 March, before fully dissipating by the next day as it was absorbed by a warm front.[61][62]
Effects
Solomon Islands
On 26 February, the Solomon Islands Meteorological Service (SIMS) started to issue special weather bulletins, which warned that Judy was expected to cause gale-force winds, rough seas, moderate to heavy swells and costal flooding over southern parts of Temotu Province within 12 - 24 hours.[63] They also noted that strong winds of 35–55 km/h (25–35 mph), moderate to rough seas, heavy rain and thunderstorms were expected to develop over most provinces, as Kevin's precursor tropical low moved towards the islands of Rennell and Bellona Province.[63] After Judy had been named, the SIMS issued a tropical cyclone warning for Temotu Province and a tropical disturbance warning for the rest of the Solomon Islands.[64][65]
Cyclone Judy impacted the Solomon Islands at the end of February while the system that became Kevin started affecting the nation soon after. Strong winds and damaging waves battered the many islands of the nation for days.[66] Schools and businesses were shuttered across Honiara due to the winds.[67] The vessel M/V Vatud Star ran aground due to a rogue wave. A small boat carrying passengers en route from Honiara to Central Province sank due to rough waves, but all of them managed to swim to safety.[67][68] Tidal waves produced by the storms destroyed 12 homes in West Honiara.[66] Communications with Lata were interrupted.[66]
Vanuatu
Preparations
On 27 February, the
Ahead of Cyclone Kevin's arrival on 3 March, hundreds of residents fled to public shelters.[75]
Impact
The entirety of Vanuatu was impacted one or both of the cyclones in a four-day period. According to DG ECHO, the entire population experienced winds of at least 60 km/h (37 mph); approximately 251,000 people or about 80 percent of the population were affected by Category 2–3 winds, of whom 150,000 were affected by Category 3–4 winds.[76] Early assessments indicated the worst damage to be in Malapa, Penama, and Shefa Provinces. The storms severed access to running water in these areas and runoff contamination rendered river waters unsafe for consumption.[77] Extensive power outages occurred, with Port Vila remaining offline through 4 March. Bauerfield International Airport sustained damage.[77] Satellite analyses of imagery from the Sentinel-2 by UNOSAT on 4 March revealed extensive damage in Shefa Province with potential storm surge damage along the west coast of Efate Island. Damaged structures were found on Aniwa Island and Erromango in Tafea Province.[78]
Cyclone Judy brought hurricane-force winds to Efate on 28 February,[72] and its eye passed directly over the capital city of Port Vila.[79] Erromango and Tanna lost all communications on 1 March,[80] with the latter remaining isolated nearly a week later.[81] Tropical Cyclone Judy has been bringing heavy rain and strong winds, and requiring the evacuation of residents from the capital, Port Vila.[82] Strong winds from Judy tore the roof off the infant ward at the Vanuatu Central Hospital.[75] However, there are no reports of deaths or serious injuries in Port Vila from Cyclone Judy.[83]
As Cyclone Kevin was impacting the nation on 3 March, a Mw 6.5 earthquake struck just west of Espiritu Santo at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi). The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VI, indicating strong shaking conditions.[75][84] The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center indicated no risk of a tsunami.[85] A magnitude 5.5 earthquake aftershock struck the island shortly after.[86]
Elsewhere
On 28 February, New Zealand's MetService noted a risk of strong winds and large waves for New Caledonia as Cyclone Judy passed to the northeast.[71] A pre-cyclone alert was raised for the Loyalty Islands Province on 2 March as Kevin passed to the northeast.[67]
The Tonga Meteorological Service stated that the cyclones would likely remain far enough away to not have much impact; however, a small chance existed for Kevin to affect the kingdom.[67] During the overnight of 4–5 March, Kevin entered Tonga's territorial waters in the ʻOtu Muʻomuʻa group of islands near Tele-ki-Tokelau and Tele-ki Tonga. As of 6 March no damage was reported.[87]
Although Kevin remained far to the south and west of Fiji on 3–4 March, associated inclement weather stemming from a trough prompted the issuance of heavy rain warnings for Ba, Kadavu, Lau, Lomaiviti, Nadroga-Navosa, and Ra provinces.[88] The Fiji Meteorological Service warned that the southernmost islands could see winds of 45 to 85 km/h (28 to 53 mph) along with damaging ocean swells.[67] Strong winds felled a royal poinciana tree in Naikabula, Ba Province, destroying a home in the process.[89]
Aftermath
Solomon Islands
A damage assessment was initiated on 9 March in response to the tropical cyclones by the National Disaster Council and the National Disaster Operations Committee in the Solomon Islands. A patrol boat was sent to transport emergency relief supplies for Anuta and Tikopia. The National Emergency Operation Center sent their gratitude towards the New Zealand Government for their financial support for the deployment.[90] After completion, it was noted that water sources had high turbidity and reservoirs in Tikopia were damaged by landslides caused by the tropical cyclones. People relied on coconut water and water tanks provided by the government. In Anuta, cassava and taro crops were also damaged by landslides. The New Zealand Government, Australian Government, Royal Solomon Islands Police Force, Solomon Islands Red Cross Society, and World Vision Solomon Islands, all provided food and non-food sources to both islands.[91]
Vanuatu
The
UNICEF sent a 16-member team to Vanuatu to conduct needs assessments and assist in supply distribution by 4 March. They partnered with the Vanuatu Red Cross Society by 4 March to distribute emergency supplies to affected residents. The agency also pledged additional supplies from stockpiles in Fiji.[77] DG ECHO sent their Rapid Response Coordinator to conduct a needs assessment on 6 March.[76]
Digicel suspended call fees to Vanuatu from Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Nauru from 6 to 19 March.[81]
Retirement
As a result of the impacts in Vanuatu, the names Judy and Kevin were retired after the season, and they will never be used again for tropical cyclones in this basin. They were replaced by Josese and Kirio for future seasons.[97]
See also
- Weather of 2023
- Tropical cyclones in 2023
- Other storms named Judy
- Other storms named Kevin
- Cyclones Eric and Nigel (1985) – two strong tropical cyclones that impacted Vanuatu and Fiji within a week of each other.
- Cyclone Lola (2023) – another cyclone which made landfall in Vanuatu in October 2023.
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