Cyclone Pam

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the 2015 South Pacific tropical cyclone. For the 1997 storm of the same name, see
Hurricane Pam
.
Not to be confused with Cyclone Lam.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam
Pam nearing peak intensity over Vanuatu, on 13 March
Meteorological history
Formed6 March 2015 (6 March 2015)
Extratropical15 March 2015
Dissipated20 March 2015 (20 March 2015)
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds250 km/h (155 mph)
Lowest pressure896 hPa (mbar); 26.46 inHg
Third-lowest in South Pacific basin, Fourth-lowest in Southern Hemisphere
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS)
Highest winds280 km/h (175 mph)
Lowest pressure911 hPa (mbar); 26.90 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities15–16 total
Damage$692 million
(Costliest in Vanuatu history)[1]
Areas affectedFiji, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2014–15 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam was the second

pressure, after Winston of 2016 and Zoe of 2002. It is also the second most intense tropical cyclone in 2015, only behind Hurricane Patricia. In addition, Pam is tied with Orson, Monica, Marcus and Fantala
for having the second strongest ten-minute maximum sustained winds in the Southern Hemisphere. Thousands of homes, schools and buildings were damaged or destroyed, with an estimated 3,300 people displaced as a result.

Pam formed on 6 March, east of the

transitioning into an extratropical cyclone
that same day.

Early in Pam's history, a damaging

water shortages continue to plague the small nation. Pam later brought heavy winds and rough surf to New Zealand's North Island
during its weakening stages.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During the opening days of March 2015, a major

Australian tropical cyclone scale, assigning it the name Pam.[8] Atmospheric conditions at the time were slightly favourable for continued development as the storm continued to slowly track along the southern periphery of a high-pressure area to its north.[9]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam strengthening off the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu on March 11

Following the storm's naming, Pam began to curve southwards around midday on 9 March. Computer models continued to point towards the possibility of

Penama.[19]

Early on 13 March, the JTWC determined Pam reached its peak one-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (170 mph) as it neared

extratropical transition
while affecting northeastern New Zealand. The system moved eastwards, and eventually dissipated over the waters of the South Pacific on 20 March.

Effects

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam was responsible for 24 deaths as it impacted various parts of the Pacific Ocean, before the name was retired from the South Pacific lists of tropical cyclone names. The system also influenced the Pacific trade winds and with Tropical Storm Bavi, caused one of the strongest trade wind reversals that had been observed on record.[28]

Kiribati

Bavi and Pam caused severe weather including swells, heavy rain and strong winds to be reported within Kiribati between 8–11 March.

Vanuatu

After all the development we have done for the last couple of years and this big cyclone came and just destroyed... all the infrastructure the government has... built. Completely destroyed.

— Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale, [29]
Pam hitting Vanuatu on 13 March 2015

By 12 March, the National Disaster Management Office in Vanuatu activated all emergency operation centres in the country. Officials reported difficulty in contacting outlying islands where there was poor infrastructure. In those areas, they advised residents to identify nearby shelters in case evacuation was necessary. Across the country, residents spent the day on 12 March stocking up on supplies for the storm. The

Cyclone Uma in 1987 which killed 50 people and caused US$150 million in damage.[31]

The death toll from Cyclone Pam is uncertain, with totals from the Vanuatu Government and United Nations differing. According to Vanuatu, 11 people lost their lives as a direct result of Pam. Four others died at Vila Central Hospital shortly after the storm's passage, though these are considered indirectly related.[32] According to the United Nations, a total of 16 people were killed.[33] In the immediate aftermath, media outlets indicated unconfirmed reports of 44 casualties in the many villages destroyed by the storm;[34][35][36] however, these claims were never substantiated.[33]

Enlarged track of Cyclone Pam between 12 and 14 March depicting its path in relation to the islands of Vanuatu

According to UNICEF, at least 132,000 people have been impacted by Tropical Cyclone Pam, of whom 54,000 are children.[37] Communication across the country was crippled, with only one cellular tower in Port Vila remaining operational. The power grid was devastated as well and officials estimated repairs could take weeks.[38] Four days after the storm, nearly 60 of the nation's inhabited islands remained cut-off from the outside world.[39] UNICEF has estimated that up to 90 percent of the buildings in Vanuatu have been affected by Tropical Cyclone Pam. Hospitals, schools and water supply are either compromised or destroyed.[37] Journalist Michael McLennan in Port Vila likened the effects of Pam to a bomb: "It's like a bomb has gone through...It's really quite apocalyptic." Sune Gudnitz, head of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), stated that Pam was indeed a worst-case scenario for Vanuatu.[40]

Deaths by island in Vanuatu
Island Fatalities Ref.
Efate 7 [32]
Lelepa 1 [32]
Mataso 2 [41]
Tanna 5 [32]
Unknown 0–1 [32][33]
Total 15–16 [32][33]
Fatalities include indirect deaths also

Catastrophic damage occurred on the islands of Erromango and Tanna. Communication with the islands was completely severed during the storm, and first contact with residents did not take place until two days after Pam's passage. A pilot who flew to the islands reported that all infrastructure had been crippled, with every structure severely damaged or destroyed. Concrete buildings held up during the storm, but lost their roofs. Locals reported two fatalities on Tanna, though this was unconfirmed by officials. Additionally, there was no drinkable water left on the island.[42] Approximately 95 percent of the homes on Tongoa were reportedly destroyed.[39] Total damage in Vanuatu reached VT63.2 billion (US$600 million).[43]

North of Efate, the small island of Mataso was largely destroyed with only two homes left standing after the storm. Residents sought refuge in caves to ride out the storm; two people lost their lives there.[41]

The Tukoro, Vanuata's most significant patrol vessel, was washed ashore on Moso Island.[44] Repairs took 16 months.

According to UNESCO, a total of $268.4 million is needed for total recovery and rehabilitation of the nation.[45]

Tuvalu

Prior to the formation of Cyclone Pam, flooding from king tides, which peaked at 3.4 m (11 ft) on 19 February 2015, caused considerable road damage across the multi-island nation of Tuvalu.[46][47] Between 10 and 11 March, waves, estimated to be 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft), associated with the cyclone swept across the low-lying islands of Tuvalu. The atolls of Nanumea, Nanumanga, Niutao, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Vaitupu were most affected.[48][49] Significant damage to agriculture and infrastructure occurred.[50] The outermost islands were hardest hit, with one flooded in its entirety.[51] A state of emergency was subsequently declared on 14 March.[50][52] Water supplies on Nui were contaminated by seawater and rendered undrinkable.[48] An estimated 45 percent of the nation's nearly 10,000 people were displaced, according to Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga.[53] Damage across the nation amounted to US$92 million.[54]

Solomon Islands

Early in the Cyclone Pam's development, it produced torrential rains and gale-force winds over the Solomon Provinces of Malaita, Makira-Ulawa, and Temotu.[31] Trees and crops were flattened, and residents sheltered in schools and in caves after their homes were destroyed.[55] Rainfall was particularly intense over the Santa Cruz Islands, where a 24‑hour total of 495 mm (19.5 in) was observed.[56] Continuous heavy rain prompted the evacuation of 500 students in West Guadalcanal.[57]

The storm later struck the remote islands of Anuta and Tikopia on 12 March, causing extensive damage.[58] Approximately 1,500 homes were damaged or destroyed in the region and 5,000 people were directly.[59] Powerful winds toppled numerous trees. Several injuries were reported, though exact numbers are unknown. Tikopia's lost roughly 90 percent of its food crop and fruit trees; water sources were also contaminated. Contact with Anuta was lost as all its phone lines failed;[58] the island remained isolated for at least a week after Pam's passage.[60]

Fiji

Although not in the direct path of Pam, officials in

Volvo Ocean Race was postponed until at least 01:00 UTC on 16 March.[66] Other residents were warned not to venture out to sea as Pam passed nearby.[67]

New Caledonia

Severe Tropical Cyclone Pam transitioning into an extratropical cyclone to the northeast of New Zealand on March 15

A pre-cyclone alert was raised in

Isle of Pines.[68] The second and highest level of cyclone alert was raised at 03:00 local time on 14 March 2015 for the islands of Maré and Lifou,[69]
and the alert ended at 17:00 and 20:00 local time on the same day. All alert levels were then lifted on Sunday, 15 March at 08:00 local time.

On the whole, material damages were relatively light, with a few fallen trees, a few roofs blown out, and only 26 people in need of emergency housing (18 on

Loyalty Islands, the worst damage was in fact the loss of the yams harvest, which will affect numerous communities of both Maré and Lifou, both as a means of subsistence for the coming season and as a cultural apparatus for ceremonies like weddings.[70]

New Zealand

Civil Defense officials in New Zealand issued severe weather warnings, that the remnants of Cyclone Pam could bring unprecedented damage to much of the northeastern coastal areas of the North Island. Swells of 6–8 m (20–26 ft) were forecast with potential for damage exceeding that of Cyclone Bola – which struck New Zealand's North Island in 1988.[71]

On 15 March gale-force winds began affecting northern parts of the North Island and continued into the following day,

Hicks Bay.[73] Some voluntary evacuations took place in the Gisborne region.[72] Power outages took place in the Whangarei District.[74] Heavy rains accompanied the system as well, with over 200 mm (7.9 in) falling in areas between Hicks Bay and Gisborne.[75] Along the coast, waves reached 4.5 m (15 ft) in Tutukaka and 5–6 m (16–20 ft) near Tolaga Bay.[74][76] The cyclone also brought cooler temperatures throughout most of the North Island and northern South Island.[75]

The storm later brought winds up to 140 km/h (87 mph) to the Chatham Islands (pop: 650), prompting the declaration of a civil defence emergency. Downed trees cut power to portions of the islands, though no major damage was reported. Twelve people sought refuge in a public shelter.[77] A wharf on the north side of the islands was damaged by rough seas.[78]

Aftermath

An RAAF Lockheed P-3 Orion was dispatched to the eastern Solomon Islands for aerial damage surveys.[79]

Vanuatu

Yachts wrecked by the storm in a harbour near Port Vila, Vanuatu

Before the disaster, many developed countries pledged funds to assist smaller, developing nations with disaster preparation and relief efforts.[80] Jim Yong Kim, president of the World Bank, has called for insurance schemes to help the Vanuatu government respond to natural disasters.[81] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon highlighted that climate change leads to increased risks of natural disasters.[82]

While attending the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale requested international assistance for his people.[83] Immediately following the cyclone's impact in Vanuatu, governments across the world began providing aid relief funds. Sufficient repairs of Bauerfield International Airport were completed by 14 March to allow the first flights from Australia carrying aid to arrive. Initial monetary assistance included $3.8 million from Australia, $2.9 million from the United Kingdom, $1.8 million from New Zealand, and $1.05 million from the European Union, $250,000 from India and promised to extend any further assistance required.[84] The French overseas territories of New Caledonia and French Polynesia have granted €300,000 (US$318,000) of immediate emergency aid.[85][86]

Port Vila seafront on March 14
Remaining debris in Vanuatu three years after Cyclone Pam. Photo captured in 2018.

Australia, France, and New Zealand enacted a coordinated response within the framework of the

CASA-235 transport plane was dispatched from the New Caledonian Armed Forces airbase carrying engineers to repair the water supply, a Red Cross technician and spare parts to enable the reopening of the airport to scheduled flights.[87] A second CASA-235 was dispatched from French Polynesia carrying tools for rebuilding, satelitte communications, tents and logistics supplies for 10 days.[88]

More than four days after the storm, much of the affected population had yet to be reached. A lack of airstrips and deepwater ports hampered the speed of relief operations.

Moso Island, located just north of Efate, were forced to drink saltwater. Survivors stated that no aid had reached them as of 17 March, and most were forced to scavenge for food.[39] It was not until 27 March, two weeks after Pam struck, that aid finally reached all of the affected islands.[89]

On 24 March,

Shepherds Islands group by boat,[90] and distributed over 40 tons of rice, flour and water to twelve villages and eight schools on two islands levelled by the cyclone.[91]

The Adventist Development and Relief Agency responded by distributing shelter kits, water filtration kits and food packages, as well as setting up 10 evacuation centres in Port Vila.[92] In total, ADRA assisted more than 10,000 people in 2586 households across three islands.

Tuvalu

New Zealand started providing aid to Tuvalu on 14 March.[84][93] Owing to the severity of damage in the nation, the local chapter of the Red Cross enacted an emergency operation plan on 16 March which would focus on the needs of 3,000 people. The focus on the 81,873 CHF operation was to provide essential non-food items and shelter.[48] Flights carrying these supplies from Fiji began on 17 March.[49] Prime Minister Sopoaga stated that Tuvalu appeared capable of handling the disaster on its own and urged that international relief be focused on Vanuatu.[49][51] Tuvalu's Disaster Coordinator, Suneo Silu, said the priority island is Nui as sources of fresh water were contaminated.[49] On 17 March, the Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced a donation of US$61,000 in aid to Tuvalu.[94] UNICEF and Australia have committed to deliver aid to Tuvalu.[95][96]

As of 22 March 71 families (40 percent of the population) of Nui remain displaced and were living in 3 evacuation centres or with other families and on Nukufetau, 76 people (13 percent of the population) remain displaced and were living in 2 evacuation centres.[97]

The Situation Report published on 30 March reported that on Nukufetau all the displaced people have returned to their homes.[98] Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops.[98] Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60–100 houses flooded and damage to the health facility. The number of influenza cases that had been reported in Nanumanga had stabilised.[98]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Pam.
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