Cyclone Harold

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other cyclones named Harold or Herold, see
List of cyclones named Harold
.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Harold
Infrared satellite image of Harold featuring a clear eye and a large rainband to its south
Cyclone Harold at peak intensity shortly after crossing Pentecost Island in Vanuatu on April 6
Meteorological history
FormedApril 1, 2020 (April 1, 2020)
ExtratropicalApril 10, 2020
DissipatedApril 11, 2020 (April 11, 2020)
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds230 km/h (145 mph)
Highest gusts325 km/h (200 mph)
Lowest pressure920 hPa (mbar); 27.17 inHg
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds270 km/h (165 mph)
Lowest pressure909 hPa (mbar); 26.84 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities31
Missing22
Damage$124 million (2020 USD)
Areas affectedSolomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata / [1][2]
Part of the 2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Harold was a very powerful tropical cyclone which caused widespread destruction in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga during April 2020. It was the first Category 5 tropical cyclone in 2020. The seventh named storm of the 2019–20 Australian region cyclone season, eighth named storm, and fourth severe tropical cyclone of the 2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season, Harold was first noted as a developing tropical low within a trough of low pressure during April 1, while it was located to the east of Papua New Guinea. Over the next day, the system moved south-eastwards over the Solomon Sea, before it was classified as a tropical cyclone and named Harold by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The system moved into the Fiji Meteorological Service's area of responsibility on April 2 and began to explosively intensify by April 3, reaching Category 4 status by April 4 on both scales. The next day, it further strengthened into a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, the highest rating on the Australian scale. It made landfall on Espiritu Santo on April 6 and the next day, strengthening to its peak intensity, attaining Category 5-equivalent intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale before making landfall on Pentecost Island. Moving east, it weakened below Category 5 intensity on both scales over subsequent days. It regained Category 5 severe tropical cyclone status (on the Australian scale only) while passing south of Fiji, before weakening and becoming extratropical on April 9.

Harold was the first Category 5 severe tropical cyclone to occur in the South Pacific basin since Cyclone Gita in 2018 and was also the second-strongest tropical cyclone to ever affect Vanuatu, behind Cyclone Pam in 2015.[3] In total, 27 people died on the MV Taimareho (in the Solomon Islands), two died in Vanuatu, and one died in Fiji.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On April 1, the Australian

Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and named it Harold, before it passed about 135 km (85 mi) to the southeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[6][7] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also initiated advisories on Tropical Cyclone Harold during that day and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 25P.[8] The system subsequently crossed 160°E, where it moved out of the Australian region and into the South Pacific basin, which prompted the BoM to pass the primary warning responsibility to the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS).[9][10]

As the storm moved away from the Solomon Islands on April 3, it began to rapidly organize and developed a pinhole

Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS).[15][16] During April 5, the JTWC reported that the system had begun to weaken, based on the ragged structure of the eye and warming of the cyclone's cloud tops.[16][17] However, this weakening phase was short-lived as the system regained a 30 km (20 mi) eye and a symmetric central dense overcast, while upper-level outflow remained strong.[16][18][19] The FMS subsequently reported that Harold had become a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (127 mph).[20] At this time, the system was located about 170 km (105 mi) to the west of Luganville and began to move polewards as a subtropical ridge to its northeast became the primary steering mechanism.[19][20][21]

Cyclone Harold rapidly intensifying

At around 22:00 UTC on April 5 (10:00 FST, April 6), Harold made

Nuku'alofa on the Tongan island of Tongatapu.[28][29]
As the system continued to move south-eastwards, it passed about 115 km (70 mi) to the south of Nuku'alofa, as it started to weaken and transition into an extratropical cyclone.[16][30] During the following day, Harold weakened into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone as it moved into New Zealand's MetService area of responsibility, while strong vertical wind shear caused atmospheric convection to become displaced to the south of its eye.[31][32] The JTWC subsequently issued its final advisory on Harold, as it was expected to gain frontal characteristics and complete its extratropical transition within 12 hours.[32] MetService subsequently declared Harold to be an extratropical cyclone during April 10, before the system was last noted during the following day around 1,500 km (930 mi) to the southwest of Adamstown in the Pitcairn Islands.[16][33]

Preparations and impact

Solomon Islands

After Harold developed into a tropical cyclone during April 2, the Solomon Islands Meteorological Service issued a tropical cyclone warning for the whole of the island nation.[34] They warned that the system was expected to produce gale-force winds, rough seas, moderate to heavy swells of 2–4 metres (6.6–13.1 ft) and coastal flooding over the islands.[34] As a result, the SIMS urged sea travellers to consider taking actions to ensure their safety and advised motorists to use extreme caution when travelling.[34] The Royal Solomon Island Police Force recommended elevated caution for commuters and mariners.[35]

An estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people in the Solomon Islands experienced Harold's wind, rain, and storm surge. The National Emergency Operations Center indicated that 57 houses were destroyed and another 20 were damaged. Seven classrooms were also destroyed.[36] Falling trees and branches in Honiara resulted in widespread power outages. The National Referral Hospital in Honiara was among the buildings affected by blackouts.[37] Some fallen trees damaged buildings and blocked roads.[38][39] The San Isidoro school for the deaf outside Honiara was severely damaged, losing its roof.[40] Heavy rainfall flooded the Kukum Highway in Honiara.[38] A stream swollen from the rains washed out a 3 m (9.8 ft) segment of a bridge connecting parts of northwestern Guadalcanal to Honiara.[41] Dozens of families were forced out of their homes on Guadalcanal.[42] Flooding and fallen trees inflicted damage to buildings in Rennell and Bellona Province as well.[43]

On the night of April 2, the ferry MV Taimareho encountered rough seas and gusts of up to 80 km/h (50 mph) generated by Harold in Ironbottom Sound while en route from Taivu to the Aiarai in West Are 'are in Malaita Province.[44][45] The ship had been sent to evacuate Malaita residents from Honiara as a precautionary measure,[46] though warnings were in effect advising ships to remain in port.[47] Twenty-seven of the 738 passengers were knocked overboard by the waves and are presumed dead;[48][49][46][50][45] Taimareho later took refuge in Su'u Harbor in Malaita Province.[51] Planes and ships were dispatched to search for survivors across an area larger than 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi).[47] Rescue efforts were initially hampered by the inclement conditions;[49] one rescue helicopter could not fly as its second pilot was quarantined.[46] Two bodies were found off the southern coat of Malaita Province, localizing the search region;[47] five further bodies were recovered on 6 April.[52] The Solomon Islands government launched two investigations into the maritime incident, involving a formal inquiry conducted by the Solomon Islands Maritime Safety Administration and a criminal investigation.[53] At least two ships were washed ashore by the storm.[42] Heavy rains from Harold washed out much of the plains in Guadalcanal, reducing the area's food security.[54] The government of Australia donated US$60,000 in relief funds to the Solomon Islands.[38]

Vanuatu

Satellite image of Harold exhibiting an eye and rainbands
Harold nearing its first landfall on Espiritu Santo on April 5

On April 3, the Vanuatu National Disaster Management Office (VNDMO) issued a yellow alert—indicating the threat of a tropical cyclone within 12 hours—for Torba and Sanma provinces in Vanuatu. The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department also issued a tropical cyclone warning for these areas.[55] The yellow alert was upgraded to a red alert—the highest-level warning for Vanuatu—on April 4 following the upgrading of Harold to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone, while yellow alerts were also issued for Malampa and Penama provinces.[45] [56] Red alerts eventually encompassed Malampa, Penama, Sanma, and Torba provinces, with a yellow alert for Shefa Province. The VNDMO advised for all residents under the red alert to remain indoors. Normal activities were suspended to facilitate preparations and evacuations for Harold.[57][58] Several evacuation centers were set up for those seeking safe housing as the storm approached.[59][60]

Hundreds of people evacuated to shelters in Espiritu Santo; disrupted communications in rural areas made estimates difficult, though an official with the

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade also devised a support package for both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.[64]

Harold was the first Category 5 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale to strike Vanuatu since Cyclone Pam in 2015,[65] bringing gusts above 275 km/h (171 mph) and 250–450 mm (9.8–17.7 in) of rain.[66] Approximately a third of Vanuatu's population was said to have been impacted by the storm across seven islands.[67][68] Communications were lost in most of the affected areas, particularly in Vanuatu's northern provinces.[69][70] Telecommunications company Vodafone reported loss of contact with the Banks Islands, Espiritu Santo, Malakula, and Pentecost Island.[71] Connections were reestablished in the hardest-hit areas two days after Harold made landfall.[72] Beginning prior to landfall, the cyclone's slow movement west of Vanuatu drew in copious moisture, resulting in heavy rainfall. Flash flooding forced people to evacuate their homes for higher ground in Espiritu Santo and damaged roads in Penama. On the island of Malakula, rivers overflowed their banks and inundated gardens.[59] Farther south, Aneityum recorded 166 mm (6.5 in) of rain.[73]

Animation of infrared satellite imagery showing Cyclone Harold intensifying quickly as it moved through Vanuatu
Harold moving through Vanuatu throughout April 5 and 6

Modelling from the

Malo Island.[80] Two deaths were reported on the island, and many were said to have been injured.[82]
More extreme damage was reported in Pentecost, where the storm made its second landfall near peak intensity. Entire villages were reportedly destroyed.[83] Further aerial damage surveys were issued to assess damage on the island.[84] With the health facility Melsisi destroyed and staff housing damaged, the lower floor of another damaged building was used as a temporary medical ward.[85] Damage wrought by Harold was said to have affected fewer areas than that of Cyclone Pam five years prior, but overall damage was deemed significantly worse in some areas, particularly Pentecost.[86][87] 68% of all structures on Pentecost Island were estimated to have been damaged, while 45% were estimated to have been damaged on Malo Island.[88]

Fiji

Satellite image of Harold with a visible eye and sprawling rainbands
Harold moving across Kadavu on April 8

During April 6, the FMS issued a tropical cyclone alert for

Lomaiviti as well as the Yasawa and Mamanuca and Lau group of islands.[89]

The FMS issued heavy rain alerts for the western half of Viti Levu, Kadavu, and the Mamanuca and Yasawa islands on April 6, anticipating the arrival of Harold's rainbands and its centre's eventual passage south of Fiji.[90] Storm warnings were later put in effect for the areas under a heavy rain alert, in addition to the Lomaiviti Islands; the heavy rain alert was expanded to encompass the entirety of the Fijian islands.[91] The highest warning, a hurricane warning, was issued for Kadavu and Ono-i-Lau on April 7.[92] The Fiji National Disaster Management Office (FDNMO) activated their Emergency Operations Centre to streamline preparations and evacuations.[93] Across Fiji, 25 evacuation centres were initially opened,[94] with 22 in the Western Division and 3 in the Central Division; at least 2,146 people sought shelter in the centres.[95] The number of shelters and evacuees increased during and after Harold's passage; over 6,000 people sought refuge at 197 evacuation centres, with at least two in each of Fiji's four districts.[96][97] All village headmen and community leaders were directed to evacuate their people to safety.[98] The Kadavu Provincial Council warned Kadavu residents to seek higher ground.[99] Viti Levu was placed under a restriction of movement order on April 8, ensuring that only emergency services would be on the roads;[100] this order was lifted later that day.[101] The director of the Fijian Ministry of Fisheries, Mere Lakeba, advised aquaculture farmers to reduce water usage and boaters to move their vessels to safety.[102] Maritime clearances were indefinitely terminated for all ships by the Maritime Safety Authority of Fiji, apart from evacuating ships.[103] All Land Transport Authority offices were closed.[104] Non-essential civil servants were directed to stay home.[105] On April 7, Fiji Airways moved some of its larger aircraft to New Zealand to avoid storm damage. Fiji Airways flights carrying evacuees departed for Sydney and Los Angeles.[106][107]

Early on April 7, villagers in the

Vanuabalavu.[144] In Bulia, Kadavu, around 20 homes were damaged, including newly built houses.[145] In total, 26 people were injured across Fiji,[146] and one died.[147] Power remained yet to be restored for 80% of the affected homes by April 11, 3 days after the first impacts.[148]

Damage caused by Harold in the agricultural and educational industry of Fiji totaled up to FJD$28.4 million (US$12.5 million), but the toll of infrastructural damage remained unknown.

Eastern Division.[88]

Tonga

The Fua’amotu Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Tonga was activated on April 7 as Harold was forecast to track into Tongan waters within two days.

Nuku'alofa's central business district.[153] An extreme high tide warning, the highest level of tide warning possible in Tonga, was issued for Tonga's coastal waters as Harold approached, also coinciding with a king tide, which were predicted to cause possibly the highest tides near Tonga for 2020.[154]

Power outages began affecting parts of Tonga due to falling trees caused by the storm on April 9.

'Eua Airport.[156][157] Damage to food crops and water supplies occurred in 'Eua and Tongatapu.[158] Storm surge, reaching 0.86 m (2 ft 10 in) above king tide,[156] inundated coastal extents of Tongatapu,[159] with their greatest impacts on the island's central and western shores.[158] Three tourist resorts west of Nuku'alofa were destroyed; their beach-side cottages, events complexes, and residences were razed by the surge.[155][160][161] Of the islands, 'Eua was most badly affected, with serious damage wrought to its wharf. Some houses were unroofed and electricity was lost throughout the island.[159] Casualties were reported in the kingdom on April 10, although cut communications by the storm prevented confirmation of them.[162] Farther inland, vegetation and crops were damaged by the storm.[161] On April 23, Tonga's Minister of Finance revealed that the total Damages from Cyclone Harold in Tonga is estimated to in excess of US$111 million.[163]

Aftermath

Espiritu Santo and Malo Island (left) 2 weeks before Harold, and the same islands (right) 2 weeks after Harold, showing heavy deforestation around the coasts with the previously lush landscape turning brown.

The

FAO.[181]

In Fiji, Fijian soldiers from the

High Commissioner of New Zealand to Fiji, Jonathan Curr, pledged humanitarian and disaster and relief for Fiji from New Zealand.[185]

Retirement

In the 2020 Bureau of Meteorology meeting, the name Harold was retired after the severe deaths and damage that it caused in the South Pacific basin, and was replaced with Heath for future seasons.[186]

See also

References

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External links

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