Cymbalaria muralis
Cymbalaria muralis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Plantaginaceae |
Genus: | Cymbalaria |
Species: | C. muralis
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Binomial name | |
Cymbalaria muralis Scherb. | |
Subspecies[1] | |
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Occurrence records from GBIF[2]
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Synonyms[1] | |
List
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Cymbalaria muralis, commonly called ivy-leaved toadflax or Kenilworth ivy, is a low, spreading, viney plant with small purple flowers, native to southern Europe. It belongs to the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), and is introduced to many other temperate locations. The flower stalk is unusual for seeking light until it is fertilized, after which it grows away from the light. Other names include coliseum ivy, Oxford ivy, mother of thousands, and wandering sailor.
Description
Cymbalaria muralis spreads quickly, growing 10–80 cm (3.9–31.5 in) tall.
Cymbalaria muralis has small flowers that strongly resemble those of a
Flowering is dependent on local conditions. In Britain it may flower from May until the end of November,[9] while in Eastern Europe it does so from June through July with seeds in September.[10] In North America it may bloom from May to October.[3] In New Zealand it blooms all year long, from January to December.[11]
The flowers are pollinated by bees, but are also self-compatible.
Taxonomy
As with many plants, Cymbalaria muralis was given its first scientific name and description by the early taxonomist
The very first is a reclassification in genus Linaria, the toadflaxes, as Linaria cymbalaria by the botanist Philip Miller in 1768. Four other names were published after this in Linaria that had acceptance for a time and Linaria cymbalaria continued to be used alongside other names as late as 1902.[1]
A spelling variation (see
It was described by Philipp Gottfried Gaertner, Bernhard Meyer, and Johannes Scherbius with a new classification as Cymbalaria muralis in 1800.[1][14] As previously it was given six more variously incorrect names in genus Cymbalaria over the next 147 years.[1]
Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of and notes | Ref. |
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Antirrhinum acutangulum Ten. | 1820 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Antirrhinum cimbalaria Neck.
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1773 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis orth. var.
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Antirrhinum cymbalaria L.
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1753 | species | C. muralis | |
Antirrhinum cymbalaria Benth.
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1846 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Antirrhinum hederaceum Lam.
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1779 | species | C. muralis nom. superfl.
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Antirrhinum hederifolium Salisb.
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1796 | species | C. muralis nom. superfl.
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Antirrhinum muralis (G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Pers.
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1806 | species | C. muralis | [15] |
Antirrhinum quinquelobum Stokes | 1812 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria cymbalaria (L.) Wettst.
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1891 | species | C. muralis not validly publ. | [16] |
Cymbalaria flabellifer A.Chev.
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1936 publ. 1937 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria gerbaultii A.Chev. | 1936 publ. 1937 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria glechomifolia A.Chev. | 1936 publ. 1937 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria globosa (Gerbault) A.Chev. | 1936 publ. 1937 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria hederacea Gray | 1821 publ. 1822 | species | C. muralis nom. superfl.
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[17] |
Cymbalaria muralis f. toutonii (A.Chev.) Cufod. | 1947 | subspecies | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria muralis f. visianii Kümmerle ex Jáv.
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1925 | subspecies | C. m. subsp. visianii | |
Cymbalaria toutonii A.Chev. | 1936 publ. 1937 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Cymbalaria vulgaris Raf.
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1840 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Elatine cymbalaria Moench | 1794 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | [18] |
Linaria acutangula Ten. | 1831 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill.
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1768 | species | C. muralis | |
Linaria cymbalaria var. globosa Gerbault | 1922 | subspecies | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Linaria cymbalaria var. heterophylla Gerbault | 1917 | subspecies | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Linaria cymbalaria var. minor Goiran ex Fiori & Bég. | 1902 | subspecies | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Linaria hederifolia St.-Lag. | 1889 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | |
Linaria hederifolia Steud.
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1821 | species | C. m. subsp. muralis | [19] |
Tursitis cymbalaria (L.) Raf. | 1840 | species | C. muralis |
As of 2024 Plants of the World Online (POWO), World Flora Online (WFO), and the Flora of North America, all list Cymbalaria muralis as the correct name for this species.[1][20][3]
Subspecies
As of 2024 there are two widely accepted subspecies. The autonym Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis and Cymbalaria muralis subsp. visianii.[1][20] In some sources Cymbalaria muralis subsp. pubescens continues to be listed as a valid subspecies, but it is not listed as valid by most sources.[21]
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis
This subspecies is hairless or nearly so in most parts.[3] It is widely spread and commonly encountered across much of the temperate world, see distribution for details.[22]
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. visianii
This subspecies was first described in 1925 as Cymbalaria muralis f. visianii by Sándor Jávorka using an incomplete description by Jenő Béla Kümmerle.[23] In 1972 the Irish botanist D. A. Webb described it with its current name making the distinction from Cymbalaria pilosa, which as of 2024 is regarded as a synonym of Sibthorpia europaea by POWO.[24] All parts of the plants are covered in fine hairs (villous) except for the seed pods, which are hairless.[25]
Names
The species name, "muralis", comes from the Latin "mūrālis" for walls and relating to them, for its habit of growing from them.[26][27]
One of its most frequent common names in English, "ivy-leaved toadflax", is a compound name that describes the appearance of the plant. The leaves of the species are similar to those of
Related to its habit of growing on ruins it is also called "coliseum ivy", a name that has been in use since 1864.
Distribution
POWO regards the native range for this species to be limited to five areas of southern Europe; Austria, France, Italy, Switzerland, and the former Yugoslavia, identical to their recorded native range for Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis.
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. visianii recorded by POWO as growing in just Italy and the former Yugoslavia.[23] The World Plants database largely agrees listing it as native to the central and southern parts of Italy and to Croatia, but also listing it as introduced in Germany.[36]
From this original range it spread to much of Europe and to the rest of the world as either an accidental introduction or because of its use as a ornamental plant.[37] Its first record outside of cultivation in Great Britain is from 1640.[4] A frequently repeated story is that the plants were introduced accidentally as part of a shipment of statuary to Oxford.[30] However, this is unlikely since it was recorded growing in an English garden in 1617 in Droxford.[38] Thereafter it became a popular ornamental plant that was widely planted in the United Kingdom through the 19th century.[39] Regardless of its status it is recorded from Ireland and Portugal in the west in every country as far east as Ukraine, Poland, and Sweden, and according to POWO it may also be found in the Baltic States, northwestern Russia, and the North Caucasus[1] with World Plants recording it in Belarus and Georgia.[36]
In Africa it grows in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia in the north and in South Africa it grows in the Cape Provinces and the Northern Provinces floristic areas. In Asia it is now found in Turkey, Jordan, North Korea, South Korea, and the eastern Himalayas.[1]
In North America Cymbalaria muralis has been recorded growing outside cultivation in Bermuda, Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, and the United States.
In South America it has been observed in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru in the north.[36] It has also been recorded in the south and southeast of Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, and the north of Argentina.[1] In mainland Chile it has been reported from Valparaíso, in Santiago, the Maule Region, and the Biobío Region.[36]
On oceanic islands it has been introduced to Maui in Hawaii,[40][36] both the North and South Island of New Zealand,[41] Bermuda, Mauritius, St. Helena,[1] and the Juan Fernández Islands.[36] It is also found in six Australian states, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, the south of Queensland, and the island state of Tasmania.[41]
Habitat
The original habitat for Cymbalaria muralis was the narrow niches of rock faces and cliffs.[42] In cooler climates like Lower Silesia in Poland it grows in warm microclimates such as on south or west facing walls of structures or the embankments of rivers.[37] It is considered very characteristic of the vegetation that grows on walls.[43]
In hot climates it becomes a high altitude specialist, for example growing from 1100–1300 meters in elevation in Costa Rica.[44]
Ecology
Cymbalaria muralis is a generalist, attracting a wide range of pollinators, including bees, flies, and butterflies.[45] Their roots are associated with arbuscular mycorrhiza, a group of funguses that partner with plants.[46]
At least three aphid species Myzus ornatus (violet aphid), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), and Myzus cymbalariae are commonly found on Cymbalaria muralis. The last of these was first observed feeding on ivy-leaved toadflax and is named for the species.[47] The plant is also a host for tomato ringspot virus.[48]
Uses
Edibility
Ivy-leaved toadflax is sometimes used as a salad green in Southern Europe.[9] Its taste is described as like raw garden peas[49] or bitter with a sharp numbing sensation,[9] however it has also been noted as slightly toxic by researchers Marion Cooper and Anthony Johnson.[50]
Cultivation
In gardens ivy-leaved toadflax is planted as a
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Elisens, Wayne J. (5 November 2020). "Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-30985-1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-88192-368-1. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-57061-358-6. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ a b Horwood, Arthur Reginald; Fitch, John Nugent (1919). A New British Flora; British Wild Flowers in Their Natural Haunts. London: Gresham Publishing Company, Ltd. pp. 170–171. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-19-217626-4. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9554947-0-3. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Kuprianova, L.A. (1968). "Genus 1326. CYMBALARIA Medic". In Komaroav, V.L; Schischkin, B.K.; Bobrov, E.G.; Shetler, Stanwyn G.; Fet, Galina N. (eds.). Flora of the U.S.S.R. Vol. XXII : Solanaceae and Scrophulariacea. Jerusalem, Israel: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. p. 156. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Breitwieser, I.; Heenan, P.J.; Nelson, W.A.; Wilton, A.D. (2010–2024). "Taxon Profile Cymbalaria muralis (based on Heenan 2014)". Flora of New Zealand Online. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-521-04656-5. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-412-53080-7. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Gärtner, Gottfried; Meyer, Bernhard; Scherbius, Johannes (1799). Oekonomisch-technische Flora der Wetterau (in German). Vol. 2. Frankfurt am Main: P. H. Guilhauman. pp. 397–398. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1807). Synopsis Plantarum, Seu Enchiridium Botanicum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Paris, France: C.F. Cramerum. p. 155. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl (1895). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien : nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen (in German). Vol. IV : Abteilung 3b. Leipzig, Germany: W. Engelmann. p. 58. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ Gray, Samuel Frederick; Gray, John Edward (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants : According to Their Relations to Each Other as Pointed Out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c. Vol. II. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 322. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Walther, Friedrich Ludwig (1802). Flora von Gießen und der Umliegenden Gegend (in German). Geissen und Darmstadt: Gießen u.a. p. 480. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb (1821). Nomenclator Botanicus (vol. 1) (in Latin). Stuttgardtiae et Tubingae, sumtibus I.G. Cottae. p. 482. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb". World Flora Online. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ Marhold, Karol. "Cymbalaria muralis subsp. pubescens". Euro+Med-Plantbase. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Cymbalaria muralis subsp. visianii (Kümmerle ex Jáv.) D.A.Webb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "Sibthorpia europaea L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. p. 1177. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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- ^ Rand Jr., Edward Sprague (1864). Flowers for the Parlor and Garden. Boston, Massachusetts: J. E. Tilton & Co. p. 254. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
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- ^ a b c d e f Carleton, R. Milton (1962). Index to the Common Names of Herbaceous Plants (Reprint ed.). Hamden, Connecticut: The Shoe String Press. pp. 23, 28, 29, 37, 45, 67, 69, 83, 89, 91, 100, 121. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-668-04247-5. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hassler, Michael (3 January 2024). "Cymbalaria". World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 18.3. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ ISBN 8391516148. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ Watt, Hugh Boyd (1956). "Notes on the Introduction and Distribution of Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. in Scotland". Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles. 2 (2). London: 123–125. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-1-85619-377-1.
- ^ a b c Cymbalaria muralis, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile, 6 January 2024
- ^ a b AVH (2024). "Cymbalaria muralis". The Australasian Virtual Herbarium. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Rieley, Jack; Page, Susan (1990). Ecology of Plant Communities : A Phytosociological Account of British Vegetation. Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 154. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Segal, S. (1969). Notes on Wall Vegetation. Hague, Netherlands: D. W. Junk N.V. pp. 12, 51, 52. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Barringer, Kerry; Burger, William C. (2000). "Flora Costaricensis: Family #193. Scrophulariaceae". Fieldiana Botany. 41. Chicago, Illinois: Field Museum of Natural History: 36. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
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External links
- Media related to Cymbalaria muralis at Wikimedia Commons
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- Photo gallery