Daylily
Daylily | |
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Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Asphodelaceae |
Subfamily: | Hemerocallidoideae |
Genus: | Hemerocallis L. |
Type species | |
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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A daylily, day lily or ditch-lily is a
Description
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Hemerocallis_fulva_-_flower_view_02.jpg/220px-Hemerocallis_fulva_-_flower_view_02.jpg)
Hemerocallis are herbaceous clump-forming perennials growing from rhizomes,
Typically Hemerocallis flowers have three similar
Taxonomy
Despite their common name, daylilies are not true lilies (plants from the genus Lilium, family Liliaceae). Although the flowers of Hemerocallis and Lilium species have a similar shape, their growth habits, stems and leaf shapes are distinctive. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system
Species
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Illustration_Hemerocallis_fulva0.jpg/220px-Illustration_Hemerocallis_fulva0.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Orange_Lily_Lilium_sp_Rain_2000px.jpg/220px-Orange_Lily_Lilium_sp_Rain_2000px.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hemerocallis-thunbergii1web.jpg/220px-Hemerocallis-thunbergii1web.jpg)
As of January 2020[update], Plants of the World Online recognized 16 species:[8]
- Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (syn. H. altissima Stout, H. coreana Nakai) - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East
- Hemerocallis coreana Nakai - Japan, Korea, Shandong Province in China
- Hemerocallis darrowiana S.Y.Hu - Sakhalin Island in Russia
- Hemerocallis dumortieri E.Morren - China, Japan, Korea
- Hemerocallis forrestii Diels - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China
- Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (H. sempervirens Araki, H. sendaica Ohwi and H. aurantiaca Baker are now treated as varieties of this species) – orange daylily, tawny daylily, tiger lily, ditch lily - China, Japan, Korea; naturalized in Europe, North America, New Zealand, Indian Subcontinent; considered an invasive weed in some places
- Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai (syn. H. micrantha Nakai) - Korea; includes Hemerocallis hongdoensis M.G.Chung & S.S.Kang
- Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (syn. H. flava (L.) L.) – lemon lily, yellow daylily - China, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Siberia, Kazakhstan; naturalized in Europe and North America
- Hemerocallis major (Baker) M.Hotta
- Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. - China, Japan, Korea, Russian Far East
- including H. middendorffii var. esculenta (Koidz.) Ohwi, syn. H. esculenta Koidz. – Japan; H. middendorffii var. exaltata, syn. H. exaltata Stout
- Hemerocallis minor Mill. (syn. H. sulphurea Nakai) - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East, Siberia
- Hemerocallis multiflora Stout - Henan Province in China
- Hemerocallis nana W.W.Sm. & Forrest - Yunnan Province in China
- Hemerocallis plicata Stapf - Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China
- Hemerocallis thunbergii Barr (syn. H. serotina Focke, H. vespertina Hara) - Japan
- Hemerocallis yezoensis H.Hara - Japan, Kuril Islands
Two hybrids are recognized:[9]
- Hemerocallis × exilis Satake = H. fulva var. angustifolia × H. thunbergii
- Hemerocallis × fallaxlittoralis Konta & S.Matsumoto = H. littorea × H. thunbergii
A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:[9]
- H. × hybrida
- H. × ochroleuca
- H. × stoutiana
- H. × traubara, H. × traubiana
- H. × washingtonia
- H. × yeldara, H. × yeldiana
Etymology
The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day" and καλός (kalos) "beautiful".
Distribution and habitat
Hemerocallis species are native to Asia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, Japan and southern Siberia.[7] This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 80,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some earlier blooming cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.[citation needed]
Daylilies have been found growing wild for millennia throughout China, Mongolia, northern India, Korea, and Japan.[10] There are thousand-year-old Chinese paintings showing orange daylilies that are remarkably similar to the flowers that grace modern gardens.
Daylilies may have been first brought to Europe by traders along the silk routes from Asia.[11] However it was not until 1753 that daylilies were given their botanic name of Hemerocallis by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.
Daylilies were first brought to North America by early European immigrants, who packed the roots along with other treasured possessions for the journey to the New World. By the early 1800s, the plant had become naturalized, and a bright orange clump of flowers was a common sight in many homestead gardens.
The orange or tawny daylily (
Cultivation
As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily".[12]
The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions.
Cultivars
There are more than 100,000 daylily
Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of bluish shades, particularly in the eyezones.
Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, doubling, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, fringed edges called ‘teeth’, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust". Sought-after improvements include rust resistance, foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties.
In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding
Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun.
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H. 'Ruby Spider'
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H. 'Kwanzo' – a triple-floweredtriploid cultivar
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H. 'Red Magic'
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H. 'Wayside King Royale'
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A Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus cultivar growing in Venezuela
Awards
The highest award a cultivar can receive in the United States is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America. This annual award—as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges—can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is 'Webster's Pink Wonder', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website.[16]
In the UK the following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[17]
- 'All American Chief'
- 'Always Afternoon'
- 'Arctic Snow'
- 'Asterisk'
- 'August Frost'
- 'Beauty to Behold'
- 'Burning Daylight'[18]
- 'Cat Dancer'
- 'Cayenne'
- 'Cherry Eyed Pumpkin'
- H. citrina
- 'Condilla'
- 'Curly Cinnamon Windmill'
- 'Custard Candy'
- 'Eggplant Escapade'
- 'Elegant Candy'
- 'Fooled Me'
- 'Grey Witch'
- 'Holly Dancer'
- 'Jamaican Me Crazy'
- 'Jellyfish Jealousy'
- 'Julie Newmar'
- 'Karen's Curls'
- 'Killer'
- 'Lady Neva'
- 'Lime Frost'
- 'Mahogany Magic'
- 'Mary's Gold'
- 'Moonlit Masquerade'
- 'North Wind Dancer'
- 'Old Tangiers'
- 'Performance Anxiety'
- ‘Pink Damask’[19]
- 'Primal Scream'
- 'Radiant Moonbeam'
- ’Red Precious’[20]
- 'Ruby Spider'[21]
- 'Running Late'
- 'Russian Rhapsody'
- 'Selma Longlegs'
- 'Serena Sunburst'[22]
- 'Sir Modred'[23]
- 'Spider Man'
- 'Stafford'[24]
- 'Strawberry Candy'
- 'Tuxedo Junction'[25]
Pests and diseases
Contarinia quinquenotata, commonly known as the daylily gall midge, is a small gray insect infesting the flower buds of Hemerocallis species causing the flower to remain closed and rot.[26] It is a pest within the horticultural trade in several parts of the world, including Southern and Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.[27]
Toxicity
Eating too many uncooked flowers of some species can cause diarrhea.
Uses
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dry_Day_Lily.jpg/220px-Dry_Day_Lily.jpg)
Daylilies are an economically important group of plants used medicinally, as food, and as horticultural plants. They have been cultivated in East Asia starting in China for thousands of years.[4] Hemerocallin, a root neurotoxin, has been used as poison and therapeutically as part of traditional oriental medicine.[4] Some flowers of certain species such as Hemerocallis citrina are used in Chinese cuisine.[30] They are sold fresh or dried in Asian markets as gum jum (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). These are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針花湯), Buddha's delight, and moo shu pork. The tubers and young leaves of H. fulva can be eaten raw or cooked. The flowers are more palatable upon cooking. [28]
Moreover, Daylilies are among the most popular North American garden plants. Registered cultivars of Hemerocallis now exceed 38,000, including more than 13,000 named clones of H. fulva (G. Grosvenor 1999; R. M. Kitchingman 1985; R. W. Munson Jr. 1989; W. B. Zomlefer 1998).
See also
- Arlow Stout – pioneer in the hybridization of daylilies
- Contarinia quinquenotata – daylily gall midge
- Hemerocallis 'Duke of Durham'
- Siloam daylilies – over 450 daylily cultivars registered by Pauline Henry.
- List of plants known as lily
References
- ^ "Hemerocallis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ "International Daylily Groups". American Hemerocallis Society.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Hemerocallis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ISBN 978-3-642-57840-3.
- ISBN 978-0-02-632070-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-5410-754-5.
- ^ "Hemerocallis L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
- ^ a b World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved July 19, 2014
- ISBN 978-1894004305.
- ISBN 978-0681416543.
- ISBN 978-0681416543.
- ^ a b "Growing daylilies".
- ^ "Dayliles Frequently Asked Questions". American Hemerocallis Society. American Hemerocallis Society, Inc. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- University of Nebraska. Accessed August 1, 2007.
- ^ "AHS Awards and Honors: Stout Medal Winners". May 2018.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 47. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Burning Daylight'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Pink Damask'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Red Precious'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Ruby Spider'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Serena Sunburst'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Sir Modred'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Hemerocallis 'Stafford'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ "Hemerocallis 'Tuxedo Junction'". RHS. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "Hemerocallis Gall Midge". American Hemerocallis Society. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ "Continaria quinquenotata". Phytosanitary Alert System. North American Plant Protection Organization. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
- ^ )
- PMID 21147474.
- ^ "Hemerocallis citrina". Archived from the original on 2015-07-11. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png)
- "Hemerocallis". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- "Hemerocallis". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Hemerocallis species by the Drs. Plodeck has species, hybrids, and cultivars; links; terms and Latin meanings; images and history of hybrids
- Charlotte's Daylily Diary Charlotte Chamitoff's Daylily Diary is a wealth of information on growing daylilies and daylily hybridizing. The website is full of daylily images and information about individual hybridizers.
- Charlotte's International Garden of the Week For more than a decade, Charlotte Chamitoff has delighted daylily lovers with her Garden of the Week. See daylily gardens from all over the world.
Daylily societies
- The American Hemerocallis Society
- Australian Daylily Society
- Canadian Hemerocallis Society Archived 2012-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
- National Capital Daylily Club Archived 2016-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Northern Virginia Daylily Society
- Ontario Daylily Society Archived 2019-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
- Region 4 of the American Hemerocallis Society
- The British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society
- The Metropolitan Columbus Daylily Society