Deodorant

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask

vision, and grip (due to slipping). Other types of deodorant allow sweating but prevent bacterial
action on sweat, since human sweat only has a noticeable smell when it is decomposed by bacteria.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.[1]

The first commercial deodorant,

inventor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Edna Murphey.[2] The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the US.[2] The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941.[3] This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[4]

Use of deodorant with aluminium compounds has been suspected of being linked to breast cancer, but research has not proven any such link.[5][6]

Overview

The human body produces

metabolized by bacteria to produce compounds that cause body odor. In addition, the vagina produces secretions
which are not a form of sweat but may be undesired and also masked with deodorants.

Human perspiration of all types is largely odorless until its organic components are

alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its protective acid mantle (pH 4.5–6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier.[7] Many bacteria are adapted to the slightly alkaline environment within the human body, so they can thrive within this elevated pH environment.[8] This makes the skin more than usually susceptible to bacterial colonization.[8] Bacteria on the skin feed on the waste proteins and fatty acids in the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.[9]

Underarm hair wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore reduces bacterial odor.[10] The apocrine sweat glands are inactive until puberty, which is why body odor often only becomes noticeable at that time.

Deodorant products work in one of two ways – by preventing sweat from occurring, or by allowing it to occur but preventing bacterial activity that decomposes sweat on the skin.[citation needed]

History

Modern deodorants

In 1888, the first modern commercial deodorant,

ball-point pen.[11][12] In 1952, the company began marketing the product under the name Ban Roll-On.[11][12][13] The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S.,[2] but it is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban.[14] In the UK it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray.[2] Chattem acquired Ban deodorant brand in 1998[15] and subsequently sold it to Kao Corporation in 2000.[16]

In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry.[17] The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941.[3] This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound.[3] This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[4] "Stopette" gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show What's My Line?; it was later eclipsed by many other brands once the 1941 patent expired.[citation needed]

Between 1942 and 1957, the market for deodorants increased 600 times to become a $70 million market. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men were using deodorants by that date. The Ban Roll-On product led the market in sales.[18]

In the early 1960s, the first

U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminium zirconium chemicals, due to safety concerns over long term inhalation. Second, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limited the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting the ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more popular.[citation needed
]

Classification

Deodorant

In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as

carcinogenic.[20]

Over-the-counter products, often labeled as "natural deodorant crystal", contain the chemical

aluminum sulphate salts) and contact dermatitis.[21]

Vaginal deodorant, in the form of sprays, suppositories, and wipes, is often used by women to mask vaginal secretions. Vaginal deodorants can sometimes cause dermatitis.[22]

Deodorant antiperspirant

Methenamine-based antiperspirant for treatment of excessive sweating

In the United States, deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as

drugs by the FDA.[1] Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, and aluminium-zirconium compounds, most notably aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants.[23] Aluminium-based complexes react with the electrolytes in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural sloughing of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin's surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight astringent effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin.[24] The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. Methenamine in the form of cream or spray is effective in the treatment of excessive sweating and attendant odor. Antiperspirants are usually best applied before bed.[25]

Product formulations and formats

Formulations

Common and historical formulations for deodorants include the following active ingredients:

Formats

Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe,

aerosol sprays are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In North America, solid or gel forms are dominant.[citation needed
]

Health effects

After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an

allergic, axillary granuloma response.[28] Antiperspirants with propylene glycol, when applied to the axillae, can cause irritation and may promote sensitization to other ingredients in the antiperspirant.[29] Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum were found to be a weak irritant to the skin.[21] Unscented deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin.[citation needed] Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the synthetic musk galaxolide.[30]

Aluminum

An aluminum-free deodorant, labeled "no aluminum"

Many deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminium in the form of aluminium salts such as aluminium chlorohydrate.[23]

The

US Food and Drug Administration, in a 2003 paper discussing deodorant safety, concluded that "despite many investigators looking at this issue, the agency does not find data from topical and inhalation chronic exposure animal and human studies submitted to date sufficient to change the monograph status of aluminum containing antiperspirants", therefore allowing their use and stating they will keep monitoring the scientific literature.[31] Members of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission concluded similarly in 2015, that "due to the lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed."[32] In the light of new data in 2020 the SCCS considered aluminium compounds safe up to 6.25% in non-spray deodorants or non-spray antiperspirants and 10.60% in spray deodorants or spray antiperspirants.[33]

Natural deodorant - aluminium free

Myths and claims related to aluminium compounds in deodorants

Common myths and marketing claims for aluminium in deodorants (including aluminum in alum products) include claims:

  • That aluminium in deodorants applied to the skin is a risk factor for some cancers (notably breast cancer) and some forms of dementia
  • That aluminium in antiperspirants can enter the body (possibly through shaving cuts)
  • That aluminium in alum "natural deodorant" products is "safer" because it is "too large" to enter the body

Of note, the parts of the body which are commonly shaved and also commonly treated with deodorants, such as the

subcutaneous fat. Shaving cuts would be extremely unlikely to penetrate sufficiently beyond the very outer layers of the skin, for much if any product to enter the bloodstream.[5]

Alzheimer's disease

A 2014 review of 469 peer-reviewed studies examining the effect of exposure to aluminum products concluded "that health risks posed by exposure to inorganic Al[uminum] depend on its physical and chemical forms and that the response varies with route of administration, magnitude, duration and frequency of exposure. These results support previous conclusions that there is little evidence that exposure to metallic Al, the Al oxides or its salts increases risk for Alzheimer's disease, genetic damage or cancer".[34]

Breast cancer

The claim that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated and appears to originate from a spam email sent in 1999;[5] however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link.[6] The myth circulates in two forms:

  • Antiperspirants block the "purging" of toxins which build up in the body and cause breast cancer: As sweat glands simply do not have this function, the claim is scientifically implausible.[5] Perspiration from the eccrine sweat glands is 99% water, with some salt (sodium chloride) and only trace amounts of lactic acid (almost entirely processed in the liver), urea (almost entirely excreted by the kidneys), and only very small amounts of all other components. Perspiration from the apocrine sweat glands (those in the armpits and groin, which are more responsible for body odor) also include waste proteins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids [35] which would otherwise be processed by other organs such as the liver.

It is possible that there has been confusion between sweat glands, and the

lymph nodes deep within the armpits which form part of the immune system and help filter toxins, but if so, there is no evidence at all of such "blocking" of lymph nodes, nor any scientifically plausible route by which this could result from deodorant use.[5]

The National Cancer Institute states that "no scientific evidence links the use of these products to the development of breast cancer" and that "no clear evidence show[s] that the use of aluminum-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of breast cancer", but also concludes that "[b]ecause studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research would be needed to determine whether a relationship exists".[36]

Another constituent of deodorant products that has given cause for concern are parabens, a chemical additive.[37] According to the American Cancer Society, "studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer".[37]

Kidney dysfunction

The FDA has "acknowledge[d] that small amounts of aluminium can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin", leading to a warning "that people with

kidney disease may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminium may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminium in the product."[31] The agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum.[31]

Aerosol burns and frostbite

If aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin for long enough, it can cause an aerosol burn—a form of frostbite.[38][39] In controlled tests, spray deodorants have been shown to cause temperature drops of over 60 °C in a short period of time.[38]

Clothing

Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains.[40][41]

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b c US 2230084, Montenier, Jules B., "Astringent preparation", published 1941-01-28 
  4. ^ a b "Corporations: Scalping the Competition". Time magazine. July 12, 1963. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Gorski D (October 6, 2014). "Breast cancer myths: No, antiperspirants do not cause breast cancer". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
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  14. ^ "Chattem acquires Ban deodorant brand". Nashville Business Journal. March 2, 1998.
  15. ^ "CHATTEM ACQUIRING BAN BRAND FOR $165 MILLION". The New York Times. February 24, 1998. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  16. ^ "CHATTEM AGREES TO SELL BAN DEODORANT LINE TO JERGENS". The New York Times. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  17. ^ "How Advertisers Convinced Americans They Smelled Bad". Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  18. ^ Hammer, Alexander R. News (November 23, 1957). "Newest Forms for Deodorants Spur Sales to the Male Market". New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
  19. ^ "Right Guard". BriefingMedia Ltd. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  20. ^ Everts, Sarah. "Deodorants & Antiperspirants – July 2, 2012 Issue – Vol. 90 Issue 27 – Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
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  32. ^ Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. "OPINION ON the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  33. ^ Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (March 3, 2020). "Opinion on the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products Submission II (SCCS/1613/19)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
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  41. ISBN 978-0-7434-5145-1
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External links

Look up deodorant or antiperspirant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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