Digitalis thapsi
Digitalis thapsi | |
---|---|
Digitalis thapsi in situ at Villavieja de Yeltes, Salamanca, Spain | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Plantaginaceae |
Genus: | Digitalis |
Species: | D. thapsi
|
Binomial name | |
Digitalis thapsi | |
Synonyms | |
Homotypic:
Heterotypic:
|
Digitalis thapsi, which has been called mullein foxglove in the US, is a
Names
A
Taxonomy
It was first described in the modern taxonomic system by Carl Linnaeus in 1763.[1]
The genus
Hybrids
Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter, a German botanist, observed that D. thapsi had many characteristics of D. purpurea after four to five generations of cultivation, and that the former became indistinguishable from the latter, a report that was considered "probably" trustworthy by Charles Darwin. D. thapsi and D. purpurea hybrids are generally fertile.[7]
In many areas of Spain and Portugal populations of D. thapsi and D. purpurea meet, and
Description
Habitus
Digitalis thapsi is a
The chromosome count is 2n=56.[8]
Leaves
The lower basal leaf blades are 7.5 to 13 cm (exceptionally 19 cm) in length, 2.5 to 5 cm in width, more or less flat but sometimes undulated along the margins, and oblong to elliptic in shape, with a sharp to somewhat sharply tipped apex. The bases of the leaves taper gradually into the
Flowers
The pink, rarely white,
Chemistry
According to Dutch botanist
Similar species
In 1841
Distribution
Digitalis thapsi is an
It is widespread in Spain,
In Portugal it primarily occurs in the northern and central interior,[6][21] more precisely in the districts of Bragança, Vila Real, Guarda, Viseu, Castelo Branco, Portalegre and Évora. With less frequency, it has also been found in the Porto, Aveiro, Coimbra, Santarém, Beja and Faro Districts.[8][23]
Ecology
Digitalis thapsi grows in acidic soils.[22] It grows on rocky ground[8][22] and on slopes. It prefers sunny, open and disturbed places. It generally grows on soils derived from granite, but also sometimes on quartzite and schist. It grows at (rarely 100-) 500–1500 metres in altitude.[8]
The specific phytosociological suballiance and alliance wherein it occurs is called 'Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani', which is in the order 'Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati', in the class 'Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetea indurati'. It is a characteristic species of this phytocoenosis. In this habitat it occurs together with these following characteristic species: Antirrhinum graniticum subsp. graniticum, Antirrhinum rupestris, Arrhenatherum fernandesii, Biscutella bilbilitana, Centaurea monticola subsp. citricolor, Centaurea pinnata, Coincya leptocarpa, Coincya longirostra, Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. pseudoerucastrum, Coincya rupestris, Conopodium bunioides subsp. aranii, Conopodium majus subsp. marizianum, Crepis oporinoides, Dianthus crassipes subsp. crassipes, Dianthus crassipes subsp. sereneanus, Dianthus lusitanus, Digitalis mariana (both subspecies), Digitalis purpurea subsp. toletana, Erodium mouretti, Erysimum linifolium subsp. lagascae, Festuca duriotagana, Jasione sessiliflora subsp. tomentosa, Scrophularia oxyrhincha, Scrophularia sublyrata, Sedum hirsutum subsp. baeticum, Silene marizii, Silene × montistellensis and Verbascum rotundifolium subsp. castellanum.[24]
In its native lands it flowers from June to July.[8] In cultivation it flowers in late spring[2][11] to early summer.[2] A study of the fruiting activity in D. thapsi showed that production, size and number of seeds were interrelated. Analysis has shown that seed weight is not related to the length of the cotyledon, and that the length of the fifth leaf can serve as a useful factor in determining the genetic variability among specimens.[5]
Uses
Agriculture
It is known that livestock avoid eating this plant, but an exception are goats, which will eat the leaves and flowers in times of shortage. Nonetheless, the plant is poisonous for them, causing stupor and paralysis -this was apparently once not an uncommon occurrence in Spain, and has spawned a number of idioms.[25]
Cultivation
The species is used as a perennial, ornamental plant.[9] It is low-growing, so is used in the border. It grows well in half-shaded to sun-exposed areas in temperate regions.[2][11] It prefers organically rich, reasonably well-drained, acidic soils. In Missouri it is said to require constantly moist soil.[2] In British gardens moderate watering is required; the plant has an average drought tolerance,[11] and is adaptable to dry shady areas.[26] It is tolerant of deer. Many gardeners remove the spent flower spikes soon after bloom, not allowing it to go to seed.[2]
Besides normal cultivation, D. thapsi has been propagated using
A cultivar called 'Spanish Peaks' with raspberry-rose-coloured flowers and a compact habitus has been available in the US.[2]
Traditional
In Spain the traditional uses have practically been abandoned. Recorded traditional uses are often identical to that those of D. purpurea; when questioned many informants in Salamanca believed that these were in fact the same species. It is generally thought that the difference in flower colour is due to some characteristic of the soil. Local people are aware it is poisonous. It was once locally used in
Conservation
It is not considered rare in a national or international perspective,
References
- ^ a b "Digitalis thapsi". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Digitalis thapsi 'Spanish Peaks'". Plant-finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ Real Jardín Botánico. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ a b c Marhold, Karol (2011). Greuter, Werner; von Raab-Straube, E. (eds.). "Details for: Digitalis thapsi". Euro+Med Plantbase. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ S2CID 84615329.
- ^ a b c d "Digitalis thapsi L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-521-34807-2.
- ^ ISBN 9788400087470.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-642-21201-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-224-1501-8.
- ^ a b c d e "Digitalis thapsi". Plant Database. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Company. 1823.
- ^ Edinger, Philip; Sanchez, Janet H. (2002). Annuals and Perennials. Sunset Books. p. 118.
- S2CID 8040006.
- .
- S2CID 21383174.
- ISBN 978-81-963961-5-2. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ISBN 978-81-85790-30-5.
- ^ Boissier, Pierre Edmond (1841). Voyage botanique dans le midi de l'Espagne (in French and Latin). Vol. II. Paris: Gide et Cie. p. 466.
- ^ "Digitalis thapsi". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ ISSN 2405-8858. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ ISBN 84-96329-62-3.
- ^ "Digitalis thapsi L." Flora-On. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
- ISSN 1887-5068. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
- ^ a b González, José Antonio; Vallejo, José Ramón; Amich, Francisco (May 2018). "Digitalis thapsi L.". In Pardo de Santayana, Manuel; Morales, Ramón; Tardío, Javier; Molina, Maria (eds.). Inventario Español de los Conocimientos Tradicionales Relativos a la Biodiversidad (in Spanish). Vol. II (1 ed.). Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (MAPAMA). pp. 312–313.
- ISBN 978-0-521-76164-2.
- S2CID 41305774.