Ditadura Nacional
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2020) |
Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa (Portuguese) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926–1933 | |||||||||
| Anthem: President | | ||||||||
• 1926 (May–June) | José Mendes Cabeçadas | ||||||||
• 1926 (June–July) | Manuel Gomes da Costa | ||||||||
• 1926–1933 | Óscar Carmona | ||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1926 (May–June) | José Mendes Cabeçadas | ||||||||
• 1926 (June–July) | Manuel Gomes da Costa | ||||||||
• 1926–1928 | Óscar Carmona | ||||||||
• 1928–1929 | José Vicente de Freitas | ||||||||
• 1929–1930 | Artur Ivens Ferraz | ||||||||
• 1930–1932 | Domingos Oliveira | ||||||||
• 1932–1933 | António de Oliveira Salazar | ||||||||
| Historical era | Established | 29 May 1926 | |||||||
| 19 March 1933 | |||||||||
| Currency | Escudo | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | PT | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| History of Portugal |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
 Portugal portal |
The Ditadura Nacional (Portuguese pronunciation: [ditɐˈðuɾɐ nɐsiuˈnal], National Dictatorship) was the name given to the regime that governed Portugal from 1926, after the re-election of General Óscar Carmona to the post of President, until 1933. The preceding period of military dictatorship that started after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état is known as Ditadura Militar (Military Dictatorship). After adopting a new constitution in 1933, the regime changed its name to Estado Novo (New State). The Ditadura Nacional, together with the Estado Novo, forms the historical period of the Portuguese Second Republic (1926–1974).
Ditadura Militar, 1926–1928
The military coup of 28 May seized power easily. Soon afterward, the dictatorship dissolved parliament, banned all political parties and instituted censorship. This process was plagued by instability as hardline military officers purged liberals[clarification needed] and democrats[clarification needed] from the institutions of the Republic. During this time no one clear leader emerged, as the dictatorship was led by a coalition of lower-rank military officers, some of whom were Integralists.[1]
After the republican Prime Minister and President of the Republic resigned on 30 May, naval officer
In 1927 there were several failed coup attempts from both left- and right-wing movements. On 12 August 1927 junior officers forced their way into a cabinet meeting and started shooting. The Carmona government regained control of the government and imposed stronger military discipline. However, the attackers were not severely punished and were sent to posts in Portuguese Angola.[1]
Ditadura Nacional, 1928–1933
In February 1928, the
The conflicts between the military officers and the
By 1930 the military dictatorship had stabilized Portugal and the national leadership and state functionaries began to think about the future. The overarching question was "In what form was the dictatorship to continue?". The answer was provided by Salazar, who became Prime Minister on 5 July 1932 and in 1933 reorganized the regime as the
Opposition
After 28 May 1926, there were four coup attempts against the Ditadura Nacional by Republican forces.
On 20 July 1928, a coup attempt was planned by the Liga de Paris, Major Sarmento Beires, and military leaders of the Portuguese mainland interior, which were supported by various syndicalists (namely railroad syndicalist workers).[2] But the negotiations were hard and the government's forces learned about the plot and preemptively bombed São Jorge Castle, where the rebels were located.[2] This caused the rebel forces within Castelo de São Jorge to start the plot, hours before the provincial rebel forces arrived in Lisbon.[2] The rebel forces in Lisbon surrendered on the morning of 21 July 1928 and the forces outside the capital at 22 July the latest.[2] About 1100 military members and 200 civilians were imprisoned, many of which were later exiled.[2]
Between 4 April and 2 May 1931, there was an uprising which started in Madeira,[2] and spread to the Azores and Guinea.[3] It was badly prepared and received little support from mainland Portugal, so it failed.[3]
On 26 August 1931, the Ditadura Nacional would see its last coup attempt, this time with the support of the Spanish Republic.[2][3] It was led by Hélder Ribeiro, Utra Machado, Jaime Batista, Dias Antunes, Sarmento Beires.[2] Yet, again due to bad planning, the hostilities would begin at 26 August at 6:45 a.m., while a significant amount of rebel forces was still unprepared, - forces in the North, Tomar, Abrantes, Santarém, and Castelo Branco are still being armed by the Spanish forces when the coup attempt begins.[2] The coup would fail before 27 August, with 40 dead and 300 wounded.[2] About 300 civilians and 100 military rebels are deported.[2]
References
- ^ a b Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation
- ^ ISBN 978-989-671-025-5.
- ^ a b c d Baiôa, Manuel (1994). "A ditadura militar na historiografia recente". Penélope: Revista de história e ciências sociais. 14: 201–220.