Dulo
The Dulo clan was a ruling dynasty of the Bulgars,[1] who were of Turkic origin.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It is generally considered that their elite[9] was related to the Huns and the Western Turkic Khaganate.[10] Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of Old Great Bulgaria.[11] This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.[12]
The royal family and rulers of
Research history
Most of what is known about the clan is written in the
The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan.[24] It is generally considered that in the Nominalia under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, Ernak.[25][17] Vasil Zlatarski thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons and families.[26] Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable;[27] if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Attila belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them;[26] according to the Nominalia Irnik ruled from 437, i.e. several years before the death of Attila in 453, which is impossible.[28] Due to be assigned a reign of 150 years, Runciman considered the inaccuracy of the date of accession as venial mistake.[18]
Kurt (
Origin
The exact origin is obscure.
Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan Moheduo (Külüg Sibir) with Organa, the maternal uncle of Kubrat.[6][37] Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalry between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the Khazars, led by the Ashina clan.[30][37]
Omeljan Pritsak further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old Xiongnu ruling house 屠各 Tuge (in Old Chinese d'o-klâk).[36][8] This association could further prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).[36][38] Peter B. Golden surmises that the Xiongnu tribal surname 獨孤 Dugu (< d'uk-kuo) or 屠各 Tuge (< d'o-klâk) possibly reflects underlying Turkic *Tuğqu or *Tuğlağ "tribe of the tuğ?"[39] yet still considers the Turkic association as speculative.[32]
Mercia MacDermott claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.[40] MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this day "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra in the name of the whole community.[40]
Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the
Aleksandar Burmov noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnic categories.[citation needed] The cases of mixing information for Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol – Attila and Irnik – Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups.[citation needed] According to Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory.[citation needed] Burmov, Peter B. Golden, Gyula Németh and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.[6][8][35]
Etymology
B. Zhivkov emphasized that
Legacy
Dulo Hill on Livingston Island, near Antarctica, is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.[43]
References
Notes
- ^ ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- OCLC 41076344.
- OCLC 648760614.
- ^ Kim 2013, p. 68.
- ^ Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, p. 29
- ^ ISBN 9789004206960.
- ISBN 0521243041.
- ^ ISBN 978-0812206289.
- ^ Pohl 1998.
- ISBN 9789732721520.
- ISBN 9780761478836.
- ^ ISBN 9783319562056.
- ^ Kim 2013, p. 59, 142.
- ISBN 9789004191457.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 11, Book I.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 12, Book I.
- ^ ISBN 9789004254381.
- ^ a b Runciman 1930, p. 280, Appendix III.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 11–12; 281, Book I; Appendix III.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 11–12, 281, Book I.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 281, Appendix III.
- ISBN 9789004191457.
- ISBN 9780295800646.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 11–12, Book I.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 11–12, 280–281, Appendix III.
- ^ a b Zlatarski 1918, p. 79–80.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 280–281, Appendix III.
- ^ Zlatarski 1918, p. 80.
- ^ Runciman 1930, p. 2–24, Book I.
- ^ ISBN 9780521815390.
- ISBN 0521243041.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, pp. footnote 37, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-19
- ISBN 9781442203020.
- ISBN 9789004163898.
- ^ ISBN 9780860788850.
- ^ a b c Kim 2013, p. 59.
- ^ ISBN 9789004294486.
- ISBN 978-88-8063-057-9.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 58
- ^ ISBN 9781853024856.
- ^ ISBN 9789052012971.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (2005) "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms", in Turkic Languages, ed. Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 215
- ^ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Dulo Hill.
Sources
- ISBN 954-739-928-4.
- Pohl, Walter (1998), "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies", in Lester K. Little; Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 13–24
- Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & Sons, London.
- ISBN 9781107009066.