Duolu
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (April 2017) |
Duolu (
There existed several Chinese transcriptions 咄陸 (Middle Chinese *tuɑt̚-lɨuk̚ > Mandarin Duōlù), 咄六 (MC. *tuɑt̚-lɨuk̚ > Mand. Duōliù), 都陸 (MC. *tuo-lɨuk̚ > Mand. Dōulù), 都六 (MC. tuo-lɨuk̚ > Mand. Duōliù). The Old Turkic name behind those has been reconstructed, variously and with uncertainty, as *Tör-ok,[1] *Turuk,[2] *Tuğluq,[3] Tölük,[4] Türük,[5] and most recently Tuğluğ (𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰍) "have flags, have standards".[a][6]
There is confusion, or possibly connection, with the earlier
Initially, Western Turks might have organized themselves into eight tribes, consistent with statements by Syriac and Greek authors: John of Ephesus mentioned eight rulers of the Turks besides Istämi; and Menander Protector mentioned that at Istämi's death, the Western Turkic realm was divided into eight parts. Later on, two Nushibi tribes, Axijie and Geshu, reformed themselves, each sub-divided into two sub-tribes, bringing the total number to ten. Therefore, Western Turks were also called the Onoq or 'ten arrows', that is 'ten tribes', five led the Duolu chors (chuo 啜)[b] and five by the Nushibi erkins (sijin 俟斤).[c]
They lived between
From at least the time of
Chinese sources (Old Book of Tang, Tongdian) record of Duolu tribal names & titles:
Hanzi |
Pinyin | Reconstructed Old Turkic |
---|---|---|
處木昆 (屈)律 啜 | Chùmùkūn[d] (qū)lǜ chuò | *Čomuqun[e] küli[f] čor, |
胡祿屋[g] 闕 啜 | Húlùwū què chuò | *Uluğ oq kül čor |
摄舍提 暾 啜 | Shèshètí tūn[h] chuò | *Čapšatā[i] ton čor |
突騎施 賀羅施 啜 | Tūqíshī hèluóshī[j] chuò | *Türügeš-Qalač čor |
鼠泥施 處半 啜 | Shǔníshī chùbàn chuò | *Šüŋiš[k] čupan čor |
See also
Notes
- ^ For the etymology of tuğ see Tug (banner)#Early history
- ^ likely of Iranian origin, from čyaura- "to go out, hunt". See Bailey, H.W. "Khotanese Texts, VII" in Golden, Peter B. (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People." Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
- ^ "collected together in one place" from root irk- "to collect or assemble (things Acc.)"; compare Anatolian irkin ~ irkim "a hoard, a buried treasure". See Clauson, Gerard. (1972) An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish. Oxford University Press. In English. p. 221, 225
- ^ According to Togan (apud Babayarov 2003), this reflects Sogdian Jamuk (cf. 昭武 *t͡ɕiᴇu-mɨoX > Zhāowŭ)
- ^ "immersed in water", "drowned"; from čom-uq- ‘to drown’ (middle voice), < čom- "to sink in (water, etc. Loc.)" (Clauson, 1972: 422) + -(X)k- + -Xn. Zuev reconstructed *čumul qun (1962: 119), later čumuq qun (1967: 18; 1981: 66)
- ^ reconstructed by Kasai (2014:126); Tishin (2018:109) reconstructed külüg
- ^ or 胡祿居 Húlùjū (Jiutangshu)
- ^ possibly an allograph of tŭtún 吐屯[7]
- Shahname
- ^ Stark (2007 & 2016) proposed that 賀羅施 might have transcribed the tribal name Khalaj
- ^ Atwood (2013) also linked the personal name Shŭnĭ 鼠匿 *Šünrik, of a Türk ruler who'd conquered Ferghana, to 鼠泥施 *Šüŋiš and 蘇尼 *Süŋiš (or *Soni), all derivatives from süŋü and *süŋüš ~ süŋiš “soldier, war”, which are derived presumably with a variant šüŋi of the root.
References
Sources
- Alemany, Agustí (2009). "From Central Asia to the Balkans: the title *ču(b)-pān". In Allison, Christine; Joisten-Pruschke, Anke; Wendtland, Antje (eds.). Daēnā to Dîn: Religion, Kultur und Sprache in der iranischen Welt. pp. 3–12. ISBN 9783447059176.
- Atwood, Christopher P. (2013). "Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus". Central Asiatic Journal. 56.
- Baumer, Christoph (2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. Vol. 2. Bloomsbury. p. 205.
- Babayarov, Gaybullah (2003). "Sogd under Turkish Rule during VIth-VIIIth centuries (On Sogdian and Turkish Symbiosis)". Transoxiana Journal Libre de Estudios Orientales.
- Yuri Bregel, Historical Atlas of Central Asia, 2003, maps 7 and 8, with text.
- Dobrovits, Mihály (2014–2015). "On the Titulature of Western Turkic Chieftains". Archivum Eurasiae Archivi Aevii. 21. Wiesbaden: Otto-Harassowitz Verlag.
- Tongdian, Vol. 199
- Old Book of Tang, Vol. 194B
- Golden, Peter B., “Oq and Oğur ~ Oğuz”, Turkic Languages, 16/2 (2012). pp. 155–199
- Stark, Sören. "Türgesh Khaganate, in: Encyclopedia of Empire, ed. John M. McKenzie et al. (Wiley Blackwell: Chichester/Hoboken 2016)".
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(help) - Kenzheakhmet, Nurlan (2014). ""Ethnonyms and Toponyms" of the Old Turkic Inscriptions in Chinese sources". Studia et Documenta Turcologica. II: 287–316.
- Kasai, Yukiyo (2014). "The Chinese Phonetic Transcriptions of Old Turkish Words in the Chinese Sources from 6th-9th Century Focused on the Original Word Transcribed as Tujue 突厥". Studies of Inner Asian Languages. 29: 57–135.
- Klyashtorny S.G. (1986). "Genealogiya i khronologiya zapadno-tyurkskikh i tyurgeshskikh kaganov VI–VIII vekov." In Iz istorii dorevolyutsionnogo Kirgizstana. Frunze: Ilim, pp. 164–170.
- Vladimir Tishin (2018). "Kimäk and Chù-mù-kūn (处木昆): Notes on an Identification"
- Yury Zuev. Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8-10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, pp. 93–139 (In Russian)
- Yury Zuev, Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology, Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002 (in Russian)
- Yury Zuev. The strongest tribe, p. 32-61, Almaty, 2004 (in Russian)