Old Great Bulgaria
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Old Great Bulgaria | |||||||||||||||||
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632[1]–668 | |||||||||||||||||
Monogram of bulgar khan Kubrat
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![]() Old Great Bulgaria | |||||||||||||||||
Capital | Phanagoria (632–665) | ||||||||||||||||
Common languages | Bulgar | ||||||||||||||||
Religion | Tengrism[2] Christianity [3][4] | ||||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Bulgar | ||||||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||||||
Khan | |||||||||||||||||
• 632–665 | Kubrat | ||||||||||||||||
• 665–668 | Batbayan | ||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||||||||
• Kubrat inherits the throne | 632[1] | ||||||||||||||||
• Batbayan inherits the throne | 665 | ||||||||||||||||
• Old Great Bulgaria is conquered by the Khazars | 668 | ||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | Russia Ukraine |
Old Great Bulgaria (
The original capital was Phanagoria[8] on the Taman Peninsula between the Black and Azov seas. In the mid-7th century, Great Bulgaria expanded west to include Avar territory and was centered on Poltava. During the late 7th century, however, an Avar-Slavic alliance in the west, and Khazars in the east, defeated the Bulgars, and Great Bulgaria disintegrated. Successor states are the First Bulgarian Empire and Volga Bulgaria.
Origins
The etymology of the ethnonym Bulgar is not completely understood; it is difficult to trace the name back earlier than the 4th century AD.[9][10] It is generally believed to derive from the Turkic verb bulğha (to "stir", "mix", "disturb", "confuse"),[11] possibly suggesting that other Turkic peoples regarded the Bulgars as a "mixed" people,[12] or as "rebellious".[13][14][15][16][15][16]
Later Byzantine scholars implied that the Bulgars had previously been known as the Onogurs (Onoğur). Agathon wrote about the "nation of Onogur Bulğars",[citation needed] Nikephoros I stated that Kubrat was lord of the Onogundurs, Theophanes referred to them as Onogundur Bulgars and Constantine VII remarked that the Bulgars formerly called themselves Onogundurs. Variations of the name include Onoguri, Onoghuri, Onghur, Ongur, Onghuri, Onguri, Onogundur, Unogundur, and Unokundur. There are several theories about the origin of the name Onogur. In some Turkic languages on means "10" and ğur "arrow"; and "ten arrows" might imply a federation of ten tribes, i.e. the Western Turkic Khaganate. Within the Turkic languages, "z" sounds in the easternmost languages tend to have become "r" in the westernmost Turkic languages; therefore, the ethnonym Oghuz may be the source of Oghur; that is, on Oğur would mean "ten clans of Oghuz".
Establishment
Between 630 and 635,
Some scholars[
Khan Kubrat
According to the
Kubrat quickly managed to overthrow
Disintegration
The events following Kubrat's death are described by the
, he narrates, Kubrat died and Batbayan, the eldest of his five sons, was left in charge of the state. Under strong Khazar pressure, Kubrat's other sons disregarded their father's advice to stay together in order to resist the enemies and soon departed, taking their own tribes.Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated under Khazar pressure in 668.[22]
Aftermath
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/280px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png)
Some Bulgars remained in the former Onoguria, under the domination of the Khazars.
Balkars
Some[who?] also believe that the present-day Balkars of the Caucasus are the descendants of the Batbayan horde even though they speak a Turkic language of the Kipchak type.
Volga Bulgars
After
Bulgars in Vojvodina and Macedonia
Bulgars in Italy
Other Bulgars, circa 662, led by their "Duke Alzeco" (
Excavations in the necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro near Boiano, which dates from the 7th century, found among 130 burials that there were 13 human burials alongside horses along with artefacts of Germanic and Avar origin.[24][25][26] Horse burials are characteristic of Central Asian horse-nomads, and therefore these burials are clearly those of the Bulgar settlers of Molise and Campania.[27]
First Bulgarian Empire
After the state disintegrated under the Khazar attack in 668,
After the Battle of Ongal, Asparukh founded the First Bulgarian Empire, which was officially recognized as an independent state by the Byzantine Empire in 681.
See also
- Transdanubian Bulgaria
- Mount Imeon
References
- ISBN 0521815398, p. 78.
- ^ a b John of Nikiû, Chronicle
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 245.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 145.
- ^ Fiedler 2008, p. 152.
- ^ (Agathias, Priscus, Zacharias Rhetor, and Pseudo-Zecharias Rhetor[clarification needed])
- ^ Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD. p. 112.
- ^ Theophanes, Op. cit., p. 356-357
- ^ Gurov, Dilian (March 2007). "The Origins of the Bulgars" (PDF). p. 3.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 103–104.
- ^ Bowersock, Brown & Grabar 1999, p. 354.
- ^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 384.
- ^ Chen 2012, p. 97.
- ^
Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Brill. p. 369. ISBN 9789004254466.
- ^ a b Golden 1992, p. 104.
- ^ a b Golden 2011, p. 143.
- ^ Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Historia syntomos, breviarium
- ^ Zimonyi Istvan: "History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans". (Uppsala University: Institute of Linguistics and Philology) (archived from the original Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine on 2013-10-21)
- ^ Rasho Rashev, Die Protobulgaren im 5.-7. Jahrhundert, Orbel, Sofia, 2005 (in Bulgarian, German summary)
- ^ a b Mingazov S. Kubrat - the Ruler of Great Bulgaria and Ketrades - character of John of Nikiu work - Kazan: Institute of History of Academy of Science of Republic of Tatarstan, 2012
- ^ Mingazov S. The Heirs of Great Bulgaria in Western Europe// Philology and Culture. - 2012. - No. 1 (27).- S. 201-207. Archived 2022-01-20 at the Wayback Machine .
- ISBN 9004163891, p. 351.
- ^ Diaconis, Paulus (787). Historia Langobardorum. Monte Cassino, Italy. Book V chapter 29. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
- ^ Genito, Bruno (2001). "Sepolture Con Cavallo Da Vicenne (Cb)" (PDF). I° Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- PMID 11811269. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ "Longobard necropolis of Campochiaro". Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Conte Miltenova, N. - I Bulgari di Gallo Matese - Prefazione e postfazione di Giuseppe Mario Tufarulo Passaporto Editore, Roma, 1993. - C.N.R.
- ^ Васил Н. Златарски. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие с. 188.
Sources
- ISBN 9780674511736.
- Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812206289.
- Fiedler, Uwe (2008). "Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research". In ISBN 9789004163898.
- ISBN 9783447032742.
- Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
- ISBN 9780520015968
Further reading
- ISBN 9781889758879.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.