Simeon I of Bulgaria
Simeon the Great Симеон І Велики | |
---|---|
Emperor of the Bulgarians and Romans | |
Reign | 893 – 27 May 927 |
Predecessor | Vladimir |
Successor | Peter I |
Born | 864/865 |
Died | 27 May 927 (aged 62 or 63) Preslav, Bulgaria |
Spouses | Unknown name (first spouse) Maria Sursuvul |
Issue | Michael Peter, Emperor of Bulgaria Ivan Rilski Benjamin |
Dynasty | Krum's dynasty |
Father | Boris I |
Mother | Maria |
Tsar Simeon (also Symeon)
During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the
Background and early life
Simeon was born in 864 or 865, as the third son of Knyaz
Around 888, Simeon returned to Bulgaria and settled at the newly established royal monastery of
Reign
Trade War with Byzantium and Magyar invasions
With Simeon on the throne, the long-lasting peace with the Byzantine Empire established by his father was about to end. A conflict arose when
Unable to effectively respond to the Bulgarian campaign due to the engagement of their forces against the Arabs, the Byzantines convinced the Magyars to attack Bulgaria,[17] promising to transport them across the Danube using the Byzantine navy.[34][35] Leo VI may have also concluded an agreement with Arnulf to make sure that the Franks did not support Simeon against the Magyars.[36] In addition, the talented commander Nikephoros Phokas was called back from southern Italy to lead a separate army against Bulgaria in 895 with the mere intention to overawe the Bulgarians.[37] Simeon, unaware of the threat from the north, rushed to meet Phokas' forces, but the two armies did not engage in a fight.[38] Instead, the Byzantines offered peace, informing him of both the Byzantine foot and maritime campaign, but intentionally did not notify him of the planned Magyar attack. Simeon did not trust the envoy and, after sending him to prison, ordered the Byzantine navy's route into the Danube closed off with ropes and chains, intending to hold it until he had dealt with Phokas.[39]
Despite the problems they encountered because of the fencing, the Byzantines ultimately managed to ferry the Magyar forces led by
Anti-Magyar campaign and further wars with Byzantium
Having dealt with the pressure from the Magyars and the Byzantines, Simeon was free to plan a campaign against the Magyars looking for retribution. He negotiated a joint force with the Magyars' eastern neighbours, the Pechenegs, and imprisoned the Byzantine envoy Leo Choirosphaktes in order to delay the release of the captives until after the campaign against the Magyars.[46] This would allow him to renegotiate the peace conditions in his favour. In an exchange of letters with the envoy, Simeon refused to release the captives and ridiculed Leo VI's astrological abilities.[17][47]
Using a Magyar invasion in the lands of the neighbouring Slavs in 896 as a
Claiming that not all prisoners had been released,
Simeon often violated the peace treaty with Byzantium, attacking and conquering Byzantine territory on several occasions,[55] such as in 904, when the Bulgarian raids were used by Arabs led by the Byzantine renegade Leo of Tripoli to undertake a maritime campaign and seize Thessaloniki.[56] After the Arabs plundered the city, it was an easy target for Bulgaria and the nearby Slavic tribes. In order to dissuade Simeon from capturing the city and populating it with Slavs,[17][57] Leo VI was forced to make further territorial concessions to the Bulgarians in the modern region of Macedonia. With the treaty of 904, all Slavic-inhabited lands in modern southern Macedonia and southern Albania were ceded to the Bulgarian Empire,[8][58] with the border line running some 20 kilometres north of Thessaloniki.[59]
Recognition as Emperor
The death of Leo VI on 11 May 912 and the accession of his infant son
Before Simeon could attack, Alexander died on 6 June 913, leaving the empire in the hands of a regency council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos.[61] Many residents of Constantinople did not recognize the young emperor and instead supported the pretender Constantine Doukas,[62] which, exacerbated by revolts in southern Italy and the planned Arab invasion in eastern Anatolia, was all to Simeon's advantage.[63] Nicholas Mystikos tried to discourage Simeon from invading Byzantium in a long series of pleading letters, but the Bulgarian ruler nevertheless attacked in full force in late July or August 913, reaching Constantinople without any serious resistance.[64]
The anarchy in Constantinople had ceased after the murder of the pretender Constantine Doukas, however, and a government had promptly been formed with Patriarch Nicholas at the helm.
Shortly after Simeon visited Constantinople, Constantine's mother Zoe returned to the palace on the insistence of the young emperor and immediately proceeded to eliminate the regents. Through a plot, she managed to assume power in February 914, practically removing Patriarch Nicholas from the government, disowning and obscuring his recognition of Simeon's imperial title,[69] and rejecting the planned marriage of her son to one of Simeon's daughters.[70] Simeon had to resort to war to achieve his goals. He invaded Thrace in the summer of 914 and captured Adrianople. Zoe was quick to send Simeon numerous presents in order to conciliate him, and she managed to convince him to cede back Adrianople and withdraw his army. In the following years, Simeon's forces were engaged in the northwestern Byzantine provinces, around Drač (Durrës) and Thessaloniki, but did not make a move against Constantinople.[71]
Victories at Acheloos and Katasyrtai
By 917, Simeon was preparing for yet another war against Byzantium. He attempted to conclude an anti-Byzantine union with the Pechenegs, but his envoys could not match the financial resources of the Byzantines, who succeeded in outbidding them.[73] The Byzantines hatched a large-scale campaign against Bulgaria and also tried to persuade the Serbian Prince Petar Gojniković to attack the Bulgarians with Magyar support.[74]
In 917, a particularly strong Byzantine army led by
The planned Pecheneg attack from the north also failed, as the Pechenegs quarrelled with
Simeon's army quickly followed up the victory of Acheloos with another success.[64] The Bulgarians sent to pursue the remnants of the Byzantine army approached Constantinople and encountered Byzantine forces under Leo Phokas, who had returned to the capital, at the village of Katasyrtai in the immediate proximity of Constantinople.[81] The Bulgarian regiments attacked and again defeated the Byzantines, destroying some of their last units before returning to Bulgaria.[82]
Suppression of Serbian unrest and late campaigns against Byzantium
Immediately after that campaign, Simeon sought to punish the Serbian ruler Petar Gojniković who had attempted to betray him by concluding an alliance with the Byzantines.[8] Simeon sent an army led by two of his commanders, Theodore Sigrica and Marmais, to Serbia. The two managed to persuade Petar to attend a personal meeting, during which he was enchained and carried off to Bulgaria, where he died in a dungeon. Simeon put Pavle Branović, prior to that an exile in Bulgaria, on the Serbian throne, thus restoring the Bulgarian influence in Serbia for a while.[83]
Meanwhile, the Byzantine military failures forced another change of government in Constantinople: the admiral Romanos Lekapenos replaced Zoe as regent of the young Constantine VII in 919, forcing her back into a convent. Romanos betrothed his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine and advanced to the rank of co-emperor in December 920, effectively assuming the government of the empire,[84][85] which was largely what Simeon had planned to do.[86]
Desperate to conquer Constantinople, Simeon planned a large campaign in 924 and sent envoys to the
In Serbia, Zaharije was persuaded by the Byzantines to revolt against Simeon. Zaharije was supported by many Bulgarians exhausted from Simeon's endless campaigns against Byzantium.
In the summer of 924, Simeon nevertheless arrived at Constantinople and demanded to see the patriarch and the emperor. He conversed with Romanos on the Golden Horn on 9 September 924 and arranged a truce, according to which Byzantium would pay Bulgaria an annual tax, but would be ceded back some cities on the Black Sea coast.[92] During the interview of the two monarchs, two eagles are said to have met in the skies above and then to have parted, one of them flying over Constantinople and the other heading to Thrace, as a sign of the irreconcilability of the two rulers.[93] In his description of this meeting, Theophanes Continuatus mentions that "the two emperors... conversed", which may indicate renewed Byzantine recognition of Simeon's imperial claims.[94]
War with Croatia and death
Most likely after (or possibly at the time of) Patriarch Nicholas' death in 925, Simeon raised the status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church to a patriarchate.
In 926, Simeon's troops under
On 27 May 927, Simeon died of heart failure in his palace in Preslav. Byzantine chroniclers tie his death to a legend, according to which Romanos decapitated a statue which was Simeon's inanimate double, and he died at that very hour.[100][101]
He was succeeded by his son Peter I, with George Sursubul, the new emperor's maternal uncle, initially acting as a regent.[102] As part of the peace treaty signed in October 927 and reinforced by Peter's marriage to Maria (Eirene), Romanos' granddaughter, the existing borders were confirmed, as were the Bulgarian ruler's imperial dignity and the head of the Bulgarian Church's patriarchal status.[103]
H.H.Howorth opined "If he had lived, or if he had been succeeded by princes of the same martial character, it is very probable that a great Slav state reaching from the Adriatic to the Black Sea, which would have been a barrier to the Turks, might have been formed south of the Danube."[104]
Culture and religion
During Simeon's reign, Bulgaria reached its cultural apogee, becoming the literary and spiritual centre of
The late 9th and early 10th centuries constitute the earliest and most productive period of medieval
Simeon turned the new Bulgarian capital Preslav into a magnificent religious and cultural centre, intended more as a display of his realm's heyday and as a royal residence than as a military fortress.
Family
Simeon was married twice. By his first wife, whose identity is unknown, Simeon had a son called Michael.[109] Possibly because his mother was of inferior birth, he was excluded from the succession and sent to a monastery.[102]
By his second wife, the sister of the influential noble George Sursubul, he had three sons: Peter, who succeeded as Emperor of Bulgaria in 927 and ruled until 969; Ivan, who unsuccessfully conspired against Peter in 929 and then fled to Byzantium;[110] and Benjamin (Bajan), who, according to Lombard historian Liutprand of Cremona, "possessed the power to transform himself suddenly into a wolf or other strange animal".[111]
Simeon also had several daughters, including one who was arranged to marry Constantine VII in 913.[66] The marriage was annulled by Constantine's mother Zoe once she had returned to the court.[112]
Family tree of Simeon I[113]
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Legacy and popular culture
Tsar Simeon I has remained among the most highly valued Bulgarian historical figures, as indicated by popular vote in the
The painting, "The Bulgarian Tsar Simeon" is part of the 20-canvas work by
The last Bulgarian monarch, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was named after Simeon I.[119] A brand of high-quality grape rakija, Car Simeon Veliki, also bears his name,[120] and an Antarctic peak on Livingston Island of the South Shetland Islands was named Simeon Peak in his honour by the Antarctic Place-names Commission.[121]
Timeline
Timeline of Simeon I's life
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Footnotes
- ^ For example, in Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans.
- Cyrillic. For details, see Romanization of Bulgarian.
- ^ a b Lalkov, Rulers of Bulgaria, pp. 23–25.
- OCLC 75865504.
- ^ The First Bulgarian Empire. Encarta. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
- ^ Hart, Nancy. Bulgarian Art and Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
- ^ Weigand, Gustav (1924). "1 Istoriko-geografski obzor: 4 Srednovekovie". Etnografija na Makedonija (in Bulgarian). trans. Elena Pipiševa. Leipzig: Friedrich Brandstetter. Archived from the original on 15 April 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Bakalov, Istorija na Bǎlgarija, "Simeon I Veliki".
- ISBN 954-459-901-0.
- ^ a b Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179.
The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.
- ^ ISBN 0521815398
- ^ ISBN 0191614882
- ^ "Цѣсарь Блъгарѡмъ". Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 367.
- ^ a b c d Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 280.
- National Historical Museum. Archived from the originalon 7 September 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, p. 132.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Delev, Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri car Simeon.
- ^ "From the Greek form of the Hebrew name שִׁמְעוֹן (Shim'on) which meant "hearkening" or "listening"." Campbell, Mike. "Biblical Names". Behind the Name. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
- ^ "Hunc etenim Simeonem emiargon, id est semigrecum, esse aiebant, eo quod a puericia Bizantii Demostenis rhetoricam Aristotelisque sillogismos didicerit". Liutprand of Cremona. Antapodosis, cap. 29, p. 66. Cited in Drinov, Marin (1876). Južnye slavjane i Vizantija v X veke (in Russian). p. 374.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, p. 132.
* Delev, Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri car Simeon.
* Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 282. - ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 281.
- ISBN 954-430-762-1.
- ^ Annales Fuldenses, p. 408. Cited in Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 133.
- ^ Todt 1996.
* Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 283. - ISBN 0-521-85085-1.
- ^ Kalojanov, Ančo (11 May 2005). "Slavjanskata pravoslavna civilizacija" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ John Skylitzes. Skylitzes–Kedrenos, II, p. 254.4–16
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 144–145.
- ISBN 954-427-663-7.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- ISBN 0-521-81539-8.
- ISBN 9789543270392.
- ISBN 9786190204244
- ^ Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 198.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 145.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 294–295.
- ^ a b Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 146.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 295.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 297.
- ^ According to toponymic evidence. Kuun, Géza (1895). Relationum Hungarorum cum oriente gentibusque originis historia antiquissima (in Latin). p. 23.
- ^ a b Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 199.
- ^ Bakalov, Istorija na Bǎlgarija, "Simeon I Veliki".
* Delev, Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri car Simeon.
* Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 199. - ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 301–304.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 304.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 304–311.
- ^ a b Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 147.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 315.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 316.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 317.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 148.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 318–321.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, p. 141.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 321.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 324.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 152.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 334–337.
- indict 7 (904). Border between Byzantines and Bulgarians. In the time of Simeon, by the grace of God Prince of the Bulgarians, under Olgu Tarkan Theodore and under Komit Drista." Border marking inscription from Narǎš (modern Greece). Uspenskij, F.I.(1898). "Pograničnyj stolb meždu Vizantiej i Bolgariej pri Simeone". Izvestija Russkogo Arheologičeskogo Instituta V Konstantinopole (in Russian): 184–194.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 155.
* Todt 1996.
* Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 352.
* Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija, 1.2. - ^ Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 212.
* Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 155.
* Todt 1996. - ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 156.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 353.
- ^ a b c Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija, 1.2.
- ^ a b Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 359.
- ^ a b Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 157.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, pp. 144–148.
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George (1935). "Avtokrator i samodržac". Glas Srpske Kraljevske Akademije (in Serbian) (CLXIV): 95–187.
- .
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 367–368.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 158–159.
- OCLC 22276650.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 159.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 375–376.
- ^ a b Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 160–161.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 376–377.
- ^ Dimitrov, Bulgaria: illustrated history.
- ^ Theophanes Continuatus, trans. Paul Stephenson. "Symeon of Bulgaria wins the Battle of Acheloos, 917". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Leo the Deacon, History Archived 7 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, p. 12410–12. Cited in Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 216.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 370.
- ^ De Boor, Сarl Gothard (1888). Vita Euthymii. Berlin: Reimer. p. 214.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 382.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 385–386.
- ^ Alexander Kazhdan, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 163.
- ^ Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 217.
- ^ a b Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Vita S. Mariae Junioris.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 446–447.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, p. 459.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 169–172.
- ^ Theophanes Continuatus, pp. 405–407.
- ^ "tôn basileôn omilountôn". Discussed in Stephenson, Paul. "The peace agreed between Romanos Lekapenos and Symeon of Bulgaria, AD 924 (translation of Theophanes Continuatus)". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, p. 156.
- ^ Mladjov, Ian (1999). "Between Byzantium and Rome: Bulgaria and the West in the Aftermath of the Photian Schism". Byzantine Studies/Études Byzantines: 173–181.
- ^ Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 225.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 176.
- ^ Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 489–491.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 176–77.
- ^ Canev, Bǎlgarski hroniki, p. 226–227.
- ^ a b Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, p. 177.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans.
- JSTOR 2841751.
If he had lived, or if he had been succeeded by princes of the same martial character, it is very probable that a great Slav state reaching from the Adriatic to the Black Sea, which would have been a barrier to the Turks, might have been formed south of the Danube.
- ^ a b c d Delev, Zlatnijat vek na bǎlgarskata kultura.
- ^ a b c d e Ivanova, "Introduction[permanent dead link]", Tǎržestvo na slovoto.
- ^ Ivanova, "Pribavka ot samija hristoljubiv car Simeon Archived 2007-01-18 at the Wayback Machine ", Tǎržestvo na slovoto.
- ^ "Risuvana keramika". Muzej Preslav. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, p. 160.
- ^ Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 187–188.
- ^ Antapodosis, p. 309.
- ^ Fine, The Early Medieval Balkans, p. 148.
- ^ Family tree of Simeon I:
- Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, pp. 133, 177.
- Zlatarski, Istorija na Pǎrvoto bǎlgarsko carstvo, pp. 280, 495.
- ^ "Vasil Levski beše izbran za naj-velikija bǎlgarin na vsički vremena" (in Bulgarian). Velikite Bǎlgari. 18 February 2007. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ "Večnite pesni na Bǎlgarija" (in Bulgarian). Novoto vreme. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ ""Zlatniyat vek" (1984)". IMDb. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ "Tazi večer v Silistra e premierata na grandioznija istoričeski spektakǎl "Zlatnijat vek – Car Simeon Veliki"" (in Bulgarian). bTV Novinite. 7 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ISBN 978-954-8112-58-1.
- ^ "Simeon Sakskoburggotski (Car Simeon Vtori)" (in Bulgarian). OMDA.bg. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ "Grozdova rakija: Car Simeon Veliki" (in Bulgarian). Vinex. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ "Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer: Simeon Peak". Antarctic Place-names Commission. Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
References
- ISBN 954-500-044-9.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Gibbon, Edward (1788–1789). "Chapter LV, The Bulgarians, the Hungarians and the Russians". The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. V. London: Strahan & Cadell.
- Lalkov, Milcho (1997). "Tsar Simeon the Great (893–927)". Rulers of Bulgaria. Kibea. ISBN 954-474-098-8.
- OCLC 832687.
- Todorov, Boris. "The value of empire: tenth-century Bulgaria between Magyars, Pechenegs and Byzantium," Journal of Medieval History (2010) 36#4 pp 312–326
- Nikolov, Angel. "The Perception of the Bulgarian Past in the Court of Preslav around 900 AD.," in State and Church: Studies in Medieval Bulgaria and Byzantium. Ed. by V. Gjuzelev and K. Petkov. American Research Center in Sofia: Sofia, 2011, 157–171
- Nikolov, Angel. "Making a new basileus: the case of Symeon of Bulgaria (893–927) reconsidered," in Rome, Constantinople and Newly converted Europe. Archeological and Historical Evidence. Vol. I. Ed. by M. Salamon, M. Wołoszyn, A. Musin, P. Špehar. Kraków-Leipzig-Rzeszów-Warszawa, 2012, 101–108
In Bulgarian
- Bakalov, Georgi; Milen Kumanov (2003). Elektronno izdanie – Istorija na Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). OCLC 62020465.
- Bogdanov, Ivan (1973). Simeon Veliki – epoha i ličnost (in Bulgarian). Sofia. )
- Bozhilov, Ivan (1983). Car Simeon Veliki (893–927) zlatnijat vek na srednovekovna Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Izdatelstvo na Otečestvenija front. OCLC 1323835.
- Delev, Petǎr; Valeri Kacunov; Plamen Mitev; Evgeniya Kalinova; Iskra Baeva; Boian Dobrev (2006). "9 Bǎlgarskata dǎržava pri Car Simeon; 10 Zlatnijat vek na bǎlgarskata kultura". Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas (in Bulgarian). Trud, Sirma. ISBN 954-9926-72-9.
- Ivanova, Klimentina; Svetlina Nikolova (1995). Tǎržestvo na slovoto. Zlatnijat vek na bǎlgarskata knižnina (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Agata-A. ISBN 978-954-540-005-6.
- Todt, Klaus-Peter (1996). "Symeon, Zar". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 11. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 345–350. ISBN 3-88309-064-6.
- ISBN 954-528-610-5.
- OCLC 67080314.
- "1.2 Bǎlgarite stavat hristijani. Izborǎt na knjaz Boris I". Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija (in Bulgarian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Trud, Sirma. 2005.
Further reading
- Stoyanov, Aleksandr (July 2019). "The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages". Journal of Military History. 83 (3): 719–746.
External links
- "Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers" (PDF). (96.2 KB)
- The Realm of War and the Realm of Peace, an article by Georgi Todorov (in Bulgarian)
- "Noise Is Being Made Near the Bosphorus" at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 August 2007), (in Bulgarian) lyrics
- OrdoSimeoni, Order of Simeon the Great at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 August 2007)