E (Indic)
E | |
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Devanagari | |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /eː/ |
IAST transliteration | e E |
ISCII code point | AC (172) |
Indic letters | ||||||||||||||
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Consonants | ||||||||||||||
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Vowels | ||||||||||||||
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Other marks | ||||||||||||||
Punctuation | ||||||||||||||
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E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, E comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Historic Ē
There are three different general early historic scripts -
Brahmi Ē
The Brahmi letter E , is probably derived from the Aramaic Ayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi E can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tocharian Ē
The Tocharian letter
Ke | Khe | Ge | Ghe | Ce | Che | Je | Jhe | Nye | Ṭe | Ṭhe | Ḍe | Ḍhe | Ṇe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Te | The | De | Dhe | Ne | Pe | Phe | Be | Bhe | Me | Ye | Re | Le | Ve |
Śe | Ṣe | Se | He | ||||||||||
Kharoṣṭhī E
The Kharoṣṭhī letter E is indicated with the vowel mark . As an independent vowel, E is indicated by adding the vowel mark to the independent vowel letter A .
Devanagari Ē
Ē (ए) is a vowel of the
Devanagari Using Languages
The Devanagari script is used to write the
Bengali Ē
Ē (এ) is a vowel of the
, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ए.Bengali Script Using Languages
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, এ is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Ē
Ē (એ) is a vowel of the
.Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, એ is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Gujarati Candra E
Candra E (ઍ short E) is a vowel of the
.Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઍ is pronounced as gu. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Javanese E
Telugu E
E (ఎ) is a vowel of the
Telugu Ē
In addition, Telugu also contains a second E vowel, Ē (ఏ). It is also derived from the
Malayalam E
E (എ) is a vowel of the
e. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.Malayalam Ē
Ē (ഏ, Long E) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It is ultimately a derivation of a predecessor to Malayalam short "E" that arose after Grantha. Like other Malayalam vowels, Ē has two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Vowels
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics | |||||||||||||||||||
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ᐁ, ᐃ, ᐅ and ᐊ are the bare vowel characters in the
Variant | E-series | I-series | O-series | A-series | Other | |||||||
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Bare vowels | ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | - | |||||||
E | I | O | A | - | ||||||||
Small | - | ᐞ | ᣜ | ᣝ | - | - | ᐜ | |||||
- | ʔ | Eastern W | Western W | - | - | Ai | ||||||
Long vowels | - | ᐄ | ᐆ | ᐇ | ᐋ | |||||||
- | Ī | Ō | Cree Ō | Ā | ||||||||
W- vowels | ᐌ | ᐍ | ᐎ | ᐏ | ᐒ | ᐓ | ᐗ | ᐘ | - | |||
We | Cree We | Wi | Cree Wi | Wo | Cree Wo | Wa | Cree Wa | - | ||||
W- long vowels | - | ᐐ | ᐑ | ᐔ | ᐕ | ᐖ | ᐙ | ᐚ | ᐛ | - | ||
- | Wī | Cree Wī | Wō | Cree Wō | Naskapi Wō | Wā | Cree Wā | Naskapi Wā | - | |||
Carrier vowels | ᐈ | ᐉ | - | - | - | |||||||
Ē | I | - | - | - | ||||||||
Vowels with ring diacritic | - | ᐂ | ᢰ | ᢱ | ᢲ | ᢳ | - | |||||
- | Āi | Oy | Ay | Āy | Way | - |
Odia E
E (ଏ) is a vowel of the
e. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.Kaithi E
E (𑂉) is a vowel of the
E. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.Comparison of E
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including E, are related as well.
Comparison of E in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of E
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the
Preview | ఏ | ଏ | ಏ | ഏ | એ | ਏ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER E | BENGALI LETTER E | TAMIL LETTER EE | TELUGU LETTER EE | ORIYA LETTER E | KANNADA LETTER EE | MALAYALAM LETTER EE | GUJARATI LETTER E | GURMUKHI LETTER EE | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2319 | U+090F | 2447 | U+098F | 2959 | U+0B8F | 3087 | U+0C0F | 2831 | U+0B0F | 3215 | U+0C8F | 3343 | U+0D0F | 2703 | U+0A8F | 2575 | U+0A0F |
UTF-8 | 224 164 143 | E0 A4 8F | 224 166 143 | E0 A6 8F | 224 174 143 | E0 AE 8F | 224 176 143 | E0 B0 8F | 224 172 143 | E0 AC 8F | 224 178 143 | E0 B2 8F | 224 180 143 | E0 B4 8F | 224 170 143 | E0 AA 8F | 224 168 143 | E0 A8 8F |
Numeric character reference | ए |
ए |
এ |
এ |
ஏ |
ஏ |
ఏ |
ఏ |
ଏ |
ଏ |
ಏ |
ಏ |
ഏ |
ഏ |
એ |
એ |
ਏ |
ਏ |
ISCII | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC |
Preview | 𑌏 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER E | SIDDHAM LETTER E | GRANTHA LETTER EE | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69647 | U+1100F | 71050 | U+1158A | 70415 | U+1130F |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 143 | F0 91 80 8F | 240 145 150 138 | F0 91 96 8A | 240 145 140 143 | F0 91 8C 8F |
UTF-16 | 55300 56335 | D804 DC0F | 55301 56714 | D805 DD8A | 55300 57103 | D804 DF0F |
Numeric character reference | 𑀏 |
𑀏 |
𑖊 |
𑖊 |
𑌏 |
𑌏 |
Preview | ꡠ | 𑐊 | 𑰊 | 𑆍 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | PHAGS-PA LETTER E | NEWA LETTER E | BHAIKSUKI LETTER E | SHARADA LETTER E | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 43104 | U+A860 | 70666 | U+1140A | 72714 | U+11C0A | 70029 | U+1118D |
UTF-8 | 234 161 160 | EA A1 A0 | 240 145 144 138 | F0 91 90 8A | 240 145 176 138 | F0 91 B0 8A | 240 145 134 141 | F0 91 86 8D |
UTF-16 | 43104 | A860 | 55301 56330 | D805 DC0A | 55303 56330 | D807 DC0A | 55300 56717 | D804 DD8D |
Numeric character reference | ꡠ |
ꡠ |
𑐊 |
𑐊 |
𑰊 |
𑰊 |
𑆍 |
𑆍 |
Preview | ဧ | ᦵ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER E | NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 4135 | U+1027 | 6581 | U+19B5 |
UTF-8 | 225 128 167 | E1 80 A7 | 225 166 181 | E1 A6 B5 |
Numeric character reference | ဧ |
ဧ |
ᦵ |
ᦵ |
Preview | ឯ | เ | ꪵ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE | THAI CHARACTER SARA E | TAI VIET VOWEL E | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6063 | U+17AF | 3648 | U+0E40 | 43701 | U+AAB5 |
UTF-8 | 225 158 175 | E1 9E AF | 224 185 128 | E0 B9 80 | 234 170 181 | EA AA B5 |
Numeric character reference | ឯ |
ឯ |
เ |
เ |
ꪵ |
ꪵ |
Preview | එ | 𑄆 | ᥫ | 𑤆 | ꢌ | ꨃ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER EYANNA | CHAKMA LETTER E | TAI LE LETTER E | DIVES AKURU LETTER E | SAURASHTRA LETTER E | CHAM LETTER E | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3473 | U+0D91 | 69894 | U+11106 | 6507 | U+196B | 71942 | U+11906 | 43148 | U+A88C | 43523 | U+AA03 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 145 | E0 B6 91 | 240 145 132 134 | F0 91 84 86 | 225 165 171 | E1 A5 AB | 240 145 164 134 | F0 91 A4 86 | 234 162 140 | EA A2 8C | 234 168 131 | EA A8 83 |
UTF-16 | 3473 | 0D91 | 55300 56582 | D804 DD06 | 6507 | 196B | 55302 56582 | D806 DD06 | 43148 | A88C | 43523 | AA03 |
Numeric character reference | එ |
එ |
𑄆 |
𑄆 |
ᥫ |
ᥫ |
𑤆 |
𑤆 |
ꢌ |
ꢌ |
ꨃ |
ꨃ |
Preview | 𑘊 | 𑦪 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER E | NANDINAGARI LETTER E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71178 | U+1160A | 72106 | U+119AA |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 138 | F0 91 98 8A | 240 145 166 170 | F0 91 A6 AA |
UTF-16 | 55301 56842 | D805 DE0A | 55302 56746 | D806 DDAA |
Numeric character reference | 𑘊 |
𑘊 |
𑦪 |
𑦪 |
Preview | 𑒋 | ꫠ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER E | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70795 | U+1148B | 43744 | U+AAE0 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 139 | F0 91 92 8B | 234 171 160 | EA AB A0 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56459 | D805 DC8B | 43744 | AAE0 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒋 |
𑒋 |
ꫠ |
ꫠ |
Preview | 𑚆 | 𑠆 | 𑈄 | 𑊶 | 𑅓 | 𑊃 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER E | DOGRA LETTER E | KHOJKI LETTER E | KHUDAWADI LETTER E | MAHAJANI LETTER E | MULTANI LETTER E | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71302 | U+11686 | 71686 | U+11806 | 70148 | U+11204 | 70326 | U+112B6 | 69971 | U+11153 | 70275 | U+11283 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 134 | F0 91 9A 86 | 240 145 160 134 | F0 91 A0 86 | 240 145 136 132 | F0 91 88 84 | 240 145 138 182 | F0 91 8A B6 | 240 145 133 147 | F0 91 85 93 | 240 145 138 131 | F0 91 8A 83 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56966 | D805 DE86 | 55302 56326 | D806 DC06 | 55300 56836 | D804 DE04 | 55300 57014 | D804 DEB6 | 55300 56659 | D804 DD53 | 55300 56963 | D804 DE83 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚆 |
𑚆 |
𑠆 |
𑠆 |
𑈄 |
𑈄 |
𑊶 |
𑊶 |
𑅓 |
𑅓 |
𑊃 |
𑊃 |
Preview | ᬏ | ꦌ | ᮈ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER EKARA | JAVANESE LETTER E | SUNDANESE LETTER E | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6927 | U+1B0F | 43404 | U+A98C | 7048 | U+1B88 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 143 | E1 AC 8F | 234 166 140 | EA A6 8C | 225 174 136 | E1 AE 88 |
Numeric character reference | ᬏ |
ᬏ |
ꦌ |
ꦌ |
ᮈ |
ᮈ |
Preview | 𑴆 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MASARAM GONDI LETTER E | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 72966 | U+11D06 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 180 134 | F0 91 B4 86 |
UTF-16 | 55303 56582 | D807 DD06 |
Numeric character reference | 𑴆 |
𑴆 |
Preview | ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | ᐞ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | CANADIAN SYLLABICS E | CANADIAN SYLLABICS I | CANADIAN SYLLABICS O | CANADIAN SYLLABICS A | CANADIAN SYLLABICS GLOTTAL STOP | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5121 | U+1401 | 5123 | U+1403 | 5125 | U+1405 | 5130 | U+140A | 5150 | U+141E |
UTF-8 | 225 144 129 | E1 90 81 | 225 144 131 | E1 90 83 | 225 144 133 | E1 90 85 | 225 144 138 | E1 90 8A | 225 144 158 | E1 90 9E |
Numeric character reference | ᐁ |
ᐁ |
ᐃ |
ᐃ |
ᐅ |
ᐅ |
ᐊ |
ᐊ |
ᐞ |
ᐞ |
- The full range of E Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1401-141B, 141E, 142B-142E, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.
References
- ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
- ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003