Grantha script
Grantha script 𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥 | ||
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![]() The word 'Grantha' in modern Grantha typeface | ||
Script type | ||
Time period | 7th century CE – present Unicode range U+11300–U+1137F | |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Grantha script (
The Tamil purist movement of the colonial era sought to purge the Grantha script from use and use the Tamil script exclusively. According to Kailasapathy, this was a part of Tamil nationalism and amounted to regional ethnic chauvinism.[13]
History
In Sanskrit, grantha is literally 'a knot'.[14] It is a word that was used for books, and the script used to write them. This stems from the practice of binding inscribed palm leaves using a length of thread held by knots. Grantha was widely used to write Sanskrit in the Tamil-speaking parts of South Asia from about the 5th century CE into modern times.[10][5]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/9th_century_Tamil_Grantha_script_Sanskrit_Chera_era_font.jpg/220px-9th_century_Tamil_Grantha_script_Sanskrit_Chera_era_font.jpg)
The Grantha script was also historically used for writing Manipravalam, a blend of Tamil and Sanskrit which was used in the exegesis of Manipravalam texts. This evolved into a fairly complex writing system which required that Tamil words be written in the Tamil script and Sanskrit words be written in the Grantha script. By the 15th century, this had evolved to the point that both scripts would be used within the same word – if the root was derived from Sanskrit it would be written in the Grantha script, but any Tamil suffixes which were added to it would be written using the Tamil script. This system of writing went out of use when Manipravalam declined in popularity, but it was customary to use the same convention in printed editions of texts originally written in Manipravalam until the middle of the 20th century.[citation needed]
In modern times, the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/8th_Century_Grantha_script_Sanskrit_language_Velvikudi_Grant%2C_LINES_8-14.jpg/550px-8th_Century_Grantha_script_Sanskrit_language_Velvikudi_Grant%2C_LINES_8-14.jpg)
Types of Grantha
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg/220px-Tanjavur_Tamil_Inscription2.jpg)
Pallava Grantha
An archaic and ornamental variety of Grantha is sometimes referred to as Pallava Grantha. It was used by the Pallava in some inscriptions from the 4th century CE
Middle Grantha
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mandakapattu_Inscription.jpg/200px-Mandakapattu_Inscription.jpg)
Middle Grantha first appeared in the Kuram copper plates, dating from around 675 CE, and was used until the end of the 8th century CE.[1][2]
Transitional Grantha
Transitional Grantha is traceable from the 8th or 9th century CE, until around the 14th century CE.[1][2] The Tulu-Malayalam script is derivative of Transitional Grantha dating to the 8th or 9th century CE, which later split into two distinct scripts – Tigalari and Malayalam.[1][2]
Modern Grantha
Grantha in the present form dates from the 14th century CE. The oldest modern manuscript has been dated to the end of the 16th century CE. Two varieties are found in modern era Grantha texts: the 'Brahmanic' or square form used by Hindus, and the 'Jain' or round form used by Jains.[1][2]
Modern Grantha
The Grantha script has evolved over time, and shares similarities with the modern Tamil Script.[15]
Consonants
As in other
𑌕 ka
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𑌖 kha
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𑌗 ga
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𑌘 gha
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𑌙 ṅ
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𑌹 ha
| |||
𑌚 ca
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𑌛 cha
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𑌜 ja
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𑌝 jha
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𑌞 ña
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𑌯 ya
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𑌶 śa
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||
𑌟 ṭa
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𑌠 ṭha
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𑌡 ḍa
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𑌢 ḍha
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𑌣 ṇa
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𑌰 ra
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𑌳 ḷa
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𑌷 ṣa
| |
𑌤 ta
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𑌥 tha
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𑌦 da
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𑌧 dha
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𑌨 na
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𑌲 la
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𑌸 sa
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||
𑌪 pa
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𑌫 pha
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𑌬 ba
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𑌭 bha
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𑌮 ma
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𑌵 va
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Consonant clusters
Grantha has two ways of representing consonant clusters. Sometimes, consonants in a cluster may form ligatures.
𑌕𑍍𑌷 kṣa
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𑌕𑍍𑌤 kta
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𑌙𑍍𑌗 ṅga
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𑌜𑍍𑌞 jña
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𑌞𑍍𑌚 ñca
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𑌞𑍍𑌜 ñja
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𑌤𑍍𑌥 ttha
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𑌤𑍍𑌰 tra
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𑌤𑍍𑌵 tva
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𑌦𑍍𑌧 ddha
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𑌦𑍍𑌵 dva
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𑌨𑍍𑌤 nta
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𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌵 ntva
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𑌨𑍍𑌥 ntha
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𑌨𑍍𑌦 nda
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𑌨𑍍𑌧 ndha
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𑌨𑍍𑌨 nna
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𑌨𑍍𑌨𑍍 nn
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𑌨𑍍𑌵 nva
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𑌶𑍍𑌚 śca
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𑌶𑍍𑌰 śra
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𑌷𑍍𑌟 ṣṭa
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𑌹𑍍𑌮 hma
|
Ligatures are normally preferred whenever they exist. If no ligatures exist, "stacked" forms of consonants are written, just as in Kannada and Telugu, with the lowest member of the stack being the only "live" consonant and the other members all being vowel-less. Note that ligatures may be used as members of stacks also.
𑌤𑍍𑌤 tta
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𑌤𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌵 ttva
|
𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍍𑌵 kṣva
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𑌕𑍍𑌷𑍍𑌣 kṣṇa
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𑌗𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌵 gdhva
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𑌸𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌵 stva
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𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌸 ntsa
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𑌤𑍍𑌸𑍍𑌨 tsna
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A few special cases
- When ⟨𑌯⟩, ya is the final consonant in a cluster, it is written as a ya-phala ⟨𑍍𑌯⟩.
- When a cluster contains a non-initial ⟨𑌰⟩, ra, it becomes a ra-vattu, ⟨𑍍𑌰⟩.[citation needed]
- When a cluster begins with a ⟨𑌰⟩, ra, it becomes a reph and is shifted to the end of the cluster.
- If a cluster contains both a reph and a ya-phala, the ya-phala is written last.
𑌕𑍍𑌯 kya
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𑌖𑍍𑌯 khya
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𑌕𑍍𑌰 kra
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𑌙𑍍𑌗𑍍𑌰 ṅgra
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𑌙𑍍𑌗𑍍𑌰𑍍𑌯 ṅgrya
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𑌦𑍍𑌧𑍍𑌯 ddhya
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𑌰𑍍𑌕 rka
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𑌰𑍍𑌕𑍍𑌷 rkṣa
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𑌰𑍍𑌣 rṇa
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𑌰𑍍𑌮 rma
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𑌰𑍍𑌦𑍍𑌧 rddha
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𑌰𑍍𑌦𑍍𑌵𑍍𑌯 rdvya
|
Vowels and syllables
Grantha includes five long vowels, five short vowels, two vocalic consonants, ṛ and ḷ which are treated as vowels and may be short or long, and two part-vowels, anusvara ⟨◌𑌂⟩ ṁ and visarga, ⟨◌𑌃⟩ ḥ. Independent vowel letters are used for word-initial vowels. Otherwise, vowels, vocalics, and part-vowels are written as diacritics attached to consonants. Each consonant in Grantha includes an inherent vowel a, so the letter ⟨𑌕⟩, for example, is pronounced ka. Adding a vowel diacritic modifies the vowel sound, so ⟨𑌕⟩ plus the diacritic ⟨𑌓⟩, gives the syllable ⟨𑌕𑍋⟩, ko. The absence of a vowel is marked with a
𑌅 a
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𑌇 i
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𑌉 u
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𑌋 ṛ
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𑌌 ḷ
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𑌏 e
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𑌓 o
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◌
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◌
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◌
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◌
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◌𑌿
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◌𑍁
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◌𑍃
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◌𑍢
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◌𑍇
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◌𑍋
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◌𑍍
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𑌂 ṁ
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𑌃 ḥ
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𑌕 ka
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𑌕𑌿 ki
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𑌕𑍁 ku
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𑌕𑍃 kṛ
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𑌕𑍢 kḷ
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𑌕𑍇 ke
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𑌕𑍋 ko
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𑌕𑍍 k
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𑌕𑌂 kaṁ
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𑌕𑌃 kaḥ
|
- ^ The virama has no independent form because it is not a vowel. It is a diacritic that suppresses a letter's inherent vowel, leaving an isolated consonant.
- ^ a b The anusvara and visarga have no independent forms because they can only modify a syllable's vowel.
- ^ The vowel a has no corresponding diacritic since every consonant carries an inherent a.
𑌆 ā
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𑌈 ī
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𑌊 ū
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𑍠 ṝ
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𑍡 ḹ
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𑌐 ai
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𑌔 au
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
◌𑌾
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◌𑍀
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◌𑍂
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◌𑍄
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◌𑍣
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◌𑍈
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◌𑍌
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𑌮𑌾 mā
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𑌮𑍀 mī
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𑌮𑍂 mū
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𑌮𑍄 mṝ
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𑌮𑍣 mḹ
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𑌮𑍈 mai
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𑌮𑍌 mau
|
There are a few
𑌟+ ◌𑌿 𑌟𑌿 ṭi
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𑌟+ ◌𑍀 𑌟𑍀 ṭī
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𑌳+ ◌𑍀 𑌳𑍀 ḷī
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𑌟 + ◌𑍍 𑌟𑍍 ṭ
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𑌤 + ◌𑍍 𑌤 t
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𑌨+ ◌𑍍 𑌨𑍍 n
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𑌮 + ◌𑍍 𑌮𑍍 m
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Numerals
0 ௦
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1 ௧
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2 ௨
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3 ௩
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4 ௪
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5 ௫
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6 ௬
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7 ௭
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8 ௮
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9 ௯
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1863_CE_palm_leaf_manuscript%2C_Jaiminiya_Aranyaka_Gana%2C_Samaveda_%28unidentified_layer_of_texts%29%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Southern_Grantha_script%2C_Malayali_scribe_Kecavan%2C_sample_ii.jpg/310px-thumbnail.jpg)
Sample text
- Sanskrit in Grantha Script
𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌵𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑍍𑌵𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌰𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌮𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌗𑍌𑌰𑌵𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌅𑌧𑌿𑌕𑌾𑌰𑌦𑍃𑌶𑌾 𑌚 𑌸𑌮𑌾𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌏𑌵 𑌵𑌰𑍍𑌤𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍇। 𑌏𑌤𑍇 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇 𑌚𑍇𑌤𑌨𑌾-𑌤𑌰𑍍𑌕-𑌶𑌕𑍍𑌤𑌿𑌭𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌂 𑌸𑍁𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌪𑌨𑍍𑌨𑌾𑌃 𑌸𑌨𑍍𑌤𑌿। 𑌅𑌪𑌿 𑌚, 𑌸𑌰𑍍𑌵𑍇𑌽𑌪𑌿 𑌬𑌨𑍍𑌧𑍁𑌤𑍍𑌵-𑌭𑌾𑌵𑌨𑌯𑌾 𑌪𑌰𑌸𑍍𑌪𑌰𑌂 𑌵𑍍𑌯𑌵𑌹𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌤𑍁।[16]
- Latin script transliteration
Sarvē mānavāḥ svatantrāḥ samutpannāḥ vartantē api ca, gauravadr̥śā adhikāradr̥śā ca samānāḥ ēva vartantē. Ētē sarvē cētanā-tarka-śaktibhyāṁ susampannāḥ santi. Api ca, sarvē´pi bandhutva-bhāvanayā parasparaṁ vyavaharantu.[17]
- English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Comparison with other South Indian scripts
Grantha | ka 𑌕
|
ṅ 𑌙
|
c 𑌚
|
ñ 𑌞
|
ṭ 𑌟
|
ṇ 𑌣
|
t 𑌤
|
n 𑌨
|
p 𑌪
|
m 𑌮
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malayalam | ക
|
ങ
|
ച
|
ഞ
|
ട
|
ണ
|
ത
|
ന
|
പ
|
മ
|
Sinhala | ක
|
ඞ
|
ච
|
ඟ
|
ට
|
ණ
|
ත
|
න
|
ප
|
ම
|
Tamil | க்
|
ங்
|
ச்
|
ஞ்
|
ட்
|
ண்
|
த்
|
ந்
|
ப்
|
ம்
|
Unicode
Grantha script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. The Unicode block for Grantha is U+11300–U+1137F:
Grantha[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1130x | 𑌀 | 𑌁 | 𑌂 | 𑌃 | 𑌅 | 𑌆 | 𑌇 | 𑌈 | 𑌉 | 𑌊 | 𑌋 | 𑌌 | 𑌏 | |||
U+1131x | 𑌐 | 𑌓 | 𑌔 | 𑌕 | 𑌖 | 𑌗 | 𑌘 | 𑌙 | 𑌚 | 𑌛 | 𑌜 | 𑌝 | 𑌞 | 𑌟 | ||
U+1132x | 𑌠 | 𑌡 | 𑌢 | 𑌣 | 𑌤 | 𑌥 | 𑌦 | 𑌧 | 𑌨 | 𑌪 | 𑌫 | 𑌬 | 𑌭 | 𑌮 | 𑌯 | |
U+1133x | 𑌰 | 𑌲 | 𑌳 | 𑌵 | 𑌶 | 𑌷 | 𑌸 | 𑌹 | 𑌻 | 𑌼 | 𑌽 | 𑌾 | 𑌿 | |||
U+1134x | 𑍀 | 𑍁 | 𑍂 | 𑍃 | 𑍄 | 𑍇 | 𑍈 | 𑍋 | 𑍌 | 𑍍 | ||||||
U+1135x | 𑍐 | 𑍗 | 𑍝 | 𑍞 | 𑍟 | |||||||||||
U+1136x | 𑍠 | 𑍡 | 𑍢 | 𑍣 | 𑍦 | 𑍧 | 𑍨 | 𑍩 | 𑍪 | 𑍫 | 𑍬 | |||||
U+1137x | 𑍰 | 𑍱 | 𑍲 | 𑍳 | 𑍴 | |||||||||||
Notes |
Unification with Tamil
Some proposed to reunify Grantha and Tamil;[18][19] however, the proposal triggered discontent by some.[20][21] Considering the sensitivity involved, it was determined that the two scripts should not be unified, except for the numerals.[22]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e "Grantha alphabet (writing system) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.
- ^ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.28
- ^ Grantha, Omniglot (2014)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
- ISBN 90-04-04172-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- ISBN 978-981-4311-16-8.
- ^ a b Grifiths, Arlo (2014). "Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b c Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1998). Grantha alphabet (Alternative title: Grantha script). Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ISBN 978-3-11-047901-0.
- ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ K. Kailasapathy (1979), The Tamil Purist Movement: A Re-evaluation, Social Scientist, Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 23-27
- ^ MACDONNELL, ARTHUR. A HISTORY OF SANSKRIT LITERATURE. 1. LONDON: MOTILAL BANARASIDASS, 1900. 15. Print.
- ^ Grantha Alphabet, Omniglot (2017), The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Sanskrit (Grantha)". UDHR in XML Project. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ "Grantha alphabet for Sanskrit". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
- ^ Sharma, Shriramana. (2010a). Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil.
- ^ Sharma, Shriramana. (2010b). Follow-up to Extended Tamil proposal L2/10-256R.
- ^ Eraiyarasan, B. (2011). Dr. B.Eraiyarasan’s comments on Tamil Unicode And Grantham proposals.
- ^ Nalankilli, Thanjai. (2018). Attempts to "Pollute" Tamil Unicode with Grantha Characters. Tamil Tribune. Retrieved 13 May 2019 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030655/http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html
- ^ Government of India. (2010). Unicode Standard for Grantha Script.
See also
- Malayalam script
- Pallava script
- Tamil script
- Tigalari script
- Vatteluttu script
References
- Grünendahl, Reinhold. (2001). South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts And Prints. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-04504-3
- Venugopalan, K. (1983). A primer in Grantha characters.
External links
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