Echinochloa crus-galli

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Echinochloa crus-galli
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Echinochloa
Species:
E. crus-galli
Binomial name
Echinochloa crus-galli
(
P.Beauv.
Varieties[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Digitaria hispidula (Retz.) Willd.
  • Echinochloa caudata Roshev.
  • Echinochloa commutata Schult.
  • Echinochloa crus-corvi (L.) P.Beauv.
  • Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. austrojaponensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
  • Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. breviseta (Döll) S.L.Dai
  • Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. praticola (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
  • Echinochloa disticha St.-Lag. nom. illeg.
  • Echinochloa dubia Roem. & Schult.
  • Echinochloa echinata (Willd.) Nakai
  • Echinochloa formosensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
  • Echinochloa glabrescens Kossenko
  • Echinochloa hispida (E.Forst.) Schult.
  • Echinochloa macrocarpa var. aristata Vasinger
  • Echinochloa macrocarpa var. mutica Vasinger
  • Echinochloa macrocorvi Nakai
  • Echinochloa madagascariensis Mez
  • Echinochloa micans Kossenko
  • Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand
  • Echinochloa occidentalis (Wiegand) Rydb.
  • Echinochloa paracorvi Nakai
  • Echinochloa persistentia Z.S.Diao
  • Echinochloa pungens var. occidentalis (Wiegand) Fernald & Griscom
  • Echinochloa spiralis Vasinger
  • Echinochloa zelayensis (Kunth) Schult.
  • Milium crus-galli (L.) Moench
  • Oplismenus crus-galli (L.) Dumort.
  • Oplismenus dubius (Roem. & Schult.) Kunth
  • Oplismenus echinatus (Willd.) Kunth
  • Oplismenus limosus J.Presl
  • Oplismenus zelayensis Kunth
  • Orthopogon crus-galli (L.) Spreng.
  • Orthopogon echinatus (Willd.) Spreng.
  • Panicum alectorocnemum St.-Lag. nom. illeg.
  • Panicum alectromerum Dulac nom. illeg.
  • Panicum corvi Thunb. nom. illeg.
  • Panicum corvipes Stokes nom. illeg.
  • Panicum cristagalli Gromov ex Trautv.
  • Panicum crus-galli L.
  • Panicum cruscorvi L.
  • Panicum echinatum Willd.
  • Panicum goiranii Rouy
  • Panicum grossum Salisb. nom. illeg.
  • Panicum hispidum G.Forst.
  • Panicum limosum J.Presl ex Nees
  • Panicum oryzetorum Sickenb. nom. illeg.
  • Panicum scindens Nees ex Steud.
  • Panicum zelayense (Kunth) Steud.
  • Pennisetum crus-galli (L.) Baumg.

Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. It is commonly known as cockspur (or cockspur grass), barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, common barnyard grass, or simply "barnyard grass" (which may refer to any species of Echinochloa or the genus as a whole however). This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. Most stems are upright, but some will spread out over the ground. Stems are flattened at the base. The seed heads are a distinctive feature, often purplish, with large millet-like seeds in crowded spikelets.

Considered one of the world's worst

forage crops to fail by removing up to 80% of the available soil nitrogen. It acts as a host for several mosaic virus diseases.[3]
Heavy infestations can interfere with mechanical harvesting.

Individual plants can produce up to 40,000 seeds per year. Water, birds, insects, machinery, and animal feet disperse it, but contaminated seed is probably the most common dispersal method.

Description

decumbent
, 0.8–1.5 m tall, rather thick, branching at base.

Leaves flat,

sheaths smooth, lower ones often reddish; panicle 8–30 cm long, green or purple, exerted, somewhat nodding, densely branched, the branches to 5 cm long, erect or ascending sessile
;

Spikelets 3–4 mm long, densely arranged on branches, ovoid, often long-

lemma
minutely hairy on surface with longer more rigid hairs on veins; first glume about two-fifths as long as spikelet, deltoid, the second as long as the spikelet, short-awned; sterile lemma membranous, with a straight scabrous awn, 2–4 cm long or awnless; fertile lemma ovate-elliptic, acute, pale yellow, lustrous, smooth, 3–3.5 mm long. Fl.

Aug.–Oct.; seed maturing Sept.–Oct., up to 40,000/plant. Var. crus-galli has long, somewhat spreading

cilia at the summits of the internodes and bases of the branches in the inflorescence and short, very thick papillose cilia along the lateral nerves of the 2nd glume, sterile lemma, and somewhat spreading spikes", and sterile lemmas with awns 0–10 mm long.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Barnyard grass commonly occurs throughout tropical

continental United States. It is also found in southern Canada from British Columbia east to Newfoundland.[5] It was first spotted in the Great Lakes region in 1843.[6]

Ecology

Ranging from Boreal Moist to Wet through Tropical Very Dry to Moist forest life zones. Adapted to nearly all types of wet places, this grass is often a common weed in paddy fields, roadsides, cultivated areas, and fallow fields. It grows on variety of wet sites such as ditches, low areas in fertile croplands and wet wastes, often growing in water. Succeeds in cool regions, but better adapted to areas where average annual temperature is 14–16 °C. Not restricted by soil pH.[3]

Usage

E. crus-galli was

southern Hokkaido 4,500 years ago.[1]

A warm-season grass used as cattle

alkaline
areas, especially in Egypt.

This grass is readily eaten by wild animals: rabbits, deer, waterfowls, etc.[3]

The grain of some varieties is eaten by humans in times of scarcity and sometimes used for

wounds
.

In the

Hindu fast days
.

Barnyard grass was one of the five most cultivated crops during

Yonhap.[8]

Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta syn. E. cg. var. utilis),[1] a domesticated form of E. crus-galli, is cultivated on a small scale in Japan, Korea and China. It underwent selection for larger grain size over a span of one or two millennia in Japan.[1]

Diseases and pests

This grass is subject to the brown spot disease caused by

fungal
infection.

Bipolaris oryzae

Common names

Punjabi dialect forms

The following Punjabi dialect forms are recorded in

Punjab
for this grass:

  • Hisar
    • bharti, s.f., Echinochloa crus-galli

Indian languages

Non-Indian languages]

  • Catalan: Serreig.
  • Czech: Ježatka kurí noha.
  • Danish: Almindelig Hanespore, Hanespore.
  • Dutch: Europese Hanepoot.
  • Estonian: Tähk-kukehirss.
  • Finnish: Rikkakananhirssi.
  • French: Echinochloa pied-de-coq, Panic pied de coq.
  • Italian: Giavone comune, Giavone, Panicastrella.
  • Japanese:いぬびえ inubie
  • Khmer: Smao bek kbol
  • Korean: 피(pi) or 피쌀(pissal)
  • Norwegian: Hønsehirse.
  • Portuguese: Capim-arroz
  • Serbo-Croatian
    : kostrva, kostrava, koštriva, kostrina, proso brkato, korovsko proso, veli muhić, veliki muhar, kokonožac, konopljena trava, svrakanj
    • Aragon: cola de caballo, mutxitxa
  • Tai Lue: ᦛᧂ wang[9]
  • Thai: หญ้าปล้องละมาน yaa-plong-lamaan[10]
  • Vietnamese: Cò lông vüt, somg chang.

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echinochloa crus-galli.
Wikispecies has information related to Echinochloa crus-galli.
  1. ^
    S2CID 205216444
    .
  2. ^ "Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  3. ^ a b c Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) forage. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/451
  4. ^ "Echinochloa crusgalli".
  5. ^ http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Echinochloa+crusgalli[permanent dead link] Map showing distribution
  6. ^ "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Grands Lacs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  7. ^ "Echinochloa crusgalli".
  8. ^ http://m.yna.co.kr/amp/kr/contents/?cid=MYH20161109007600038[dead link]
  9. ^ "Dai Lue Dictionary ᦈᦹᧈ ᦶᦑᧃ ᦺᦑ ᦟᦹᧉ 傣泐词典 » ᦛᧂ".
  10. ^ "Biodiversity".
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