Economy of Kerala
IT , Tea manufacturing
Tourism, fishing and Retail etc. | |
Public finances | |
---|---|
36.9% of GSDP (2023–24 est.)[1] | |
₹−39,662 crore (US$−4.8 billion) (3.5% of GSDP) (2023–24 est.)[2] | |
Revenues | ₹1.36 lakh crore (US$16 billion) (2023–24 est.)[2] |
Expenses | ₹1.76 lakh crore (US$21 billion) (2023–24 est.)[1] |
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. |
The economy of
Kerala's high
Kerala, which accounts for 2.8% of India's population and 1.2% of its land area, contributes more than 4% to the
With 12.5% of the labour force unemployed in 2016, Kerala sank from being the 11th in unemployment in India in the year before to being 3rd in the country.[16] The 'Report on Fifth Annual Employment - Unemployment Survey for 2015-16' prepared by the Labour Bureau of the Union ministry of Labour and Employment indicates that Tripura had the highest unemployment rate of 19.7% in India, followed by Sikkim (18.1%) and Kerala (12.5%). In 2020 with unemployment rate around 5%, Kerala has managed to turn its fate around despite the COVID-19 pandemic affecting all sectors of the economy.[4] The state's poverty rate is exceptionally lowest in the country at 0.71%; and it houses the Kottayam district which is the only one in the country with zero poor residents.[17]
Macro-economic trend
The following table shows the annual growth in nominal GSDP for the
Year | GSDP (₹ millions) | Change |
---|---|---|
2021-22 | 9,324,700 | ![]() |
2020-21 | 7,717,240 | ![]() |
2019-20 | 8,129,350 | ![]() |
2018-19 | 7,882,860 | ![]() |
2017-18 | 7,015,880 | ![]() |
2016-17 | 6,348,860 | ![]() |
2015-16 | 5,619,940 | ![]() |
2014-15 | 5,125,640 | ![]() |
2013-14 | 4,650,410 | ![]() |
2012-13 | 4,123,130 | ![]() |
2011-12 | 3,640,480 | ![]() |
2010-11 | 2,637,730 | ![]() |
2009-10 | 2,319,990 | ![]() |
2008-09 | 2,027,830 | ![]() |
2007-08 | 1,751,410 | ![]() |
2006-07 | 1,537,580 | ![]() |
2005-16 | 1,368,420 | ![]() |
2004-05 | 1,192,640 | ![]() |
2003-04 | 966,980 | ![]() |
2002-03 | 868,950 | ![]() |
2001-02 | 779,240 | - |
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Kerala at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in crores (1,00,00,000) of Indian Rupees. Kerala had recorded a growth rate of 6.49 per cent in 2013, which was above the national average (4.04) and the second highest among South Indian States. The state's growth rate was above that of Karnataka (5.79 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh (5.97 per cent). During the period between 1960 and 2020, Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based economy as shown below:
Year | GSDP - At constant prices (in ₹Crore) |
Primary Sector (in ₹Crore) |
Secondary Sector (in ₹Crore) |
Tertiary Sector (in ₹Crore) |
Per Capita Income At constant prices (in ₹) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960–61 | 462 | 241 (52.16%) | 68 (14.72%) | 153 (33.12%) | 276 |
1970–71 | 1,255 | 653 (52.03%) | 163 (12.99%) | 439 (34.98%) | 594 |
1980–81 | 3,823 | 1,682 (44.00%) | 841 (22.00%) | 1,300 (34.00%) | 1,508 |
1990–91 | 12,195 | 4,756 (39.00%) | 3,171 (26.00%) | 4,268 (35.00%) | 4,207 |
2000–01 | 63,715 | 14,017 (22.00%) | 14,017 (22.00%) | 35,680 (56.00%) | 19,951 |
2009–10 | 180,812 | 15,966 (8.83%) | 38,249 (21.15%) | 126,597 (70.02%) | 47,360 |
2015–16 | 467,243 | 49,206 (11.58%) | 111,177 (26.17%) | 264,408 (62.25%) | 136,811 |
2017–18 | 516,190 | 47,619 (10.34%) | 129,866 (28.18%) | 283,269 (61.48%) | 149,650 |
2018–19 | 549,673 | 46,004 (9.40%) | 138,034 (28.21%) | 305,304 (62.39%) | 158,564 |
2019–20 | 568,636 | 42,374 (8.44%) | 141,806 (28.25%) | 317,781 (63.31%) | 163,216 |
Sources: Economic Review, Kerala (2016 and 2020)
In 2009, Kerala was the 8th greatest debt burden in India.[22] In 2013, the state's debt was estimated at 35.53 per cent of GSP.[23] State's debt liability recorded an increase of 14.4 per cent and rose from ₹124,081 crore (US$20.33 billion) in 2013–14 to ₹141,947 crore (US$22.13 billion) in 2014–15. This liability as a percentage of GSDP was 31.4 per cent, which is higher than the target of 29.8 per cent fixed in the Kerala Fiscal Responsibility Act.[24]
The GDP growth rate that continuously stood above the national average, began to show a declining trend from 2012 to 2013, and it further slid to 8.59% in 2015–16, when the national average stood at 9.94%. The tax growth rate, which was 23.24% in 2010–11, fell to 10.68% in 2015–16.[25]
Sectors
The state's
Information Technology
Tourism
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Muzhappilangad_beach6.jpg/220px-Muzhappilangad_beach6.jpg)
Kerala is an established tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourism contributes to nearly 10% of the state's GDP. Tourists mostly visit the
Education
Around 18% of the total employees in the organised sector of state, both public and private, are employed in the Educational sector as in March 2020.
Ship building
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Vikrant.jpg/220px-Vikrant.jpg)
The Cochin Shipyard in Kochi is the biggest ship building facility in India. Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in the year 1972 as a fully owned Government of India company. In the last three decades the company has emerged as a forerunner in the Indian shipbuilding & Shiprepair industry. This yard can build and repair the largest vessels in India. It can build ships up to 1,100,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) and repair ships up to 1,250,000 DWT. The yard has delivered two of India's largest double hull Aframax tankers each of 95,000 DWT. CSL has secured shipbuilding orders from internationally renowned companies from Europe & Middle East and is nominated to build the country's first indigenously built Air Defence Ship. The Cochin Shipyard also builds ships for the Indian Navy.
Shipyard commenced ship repair operations in the year 1982 and has undertaken repairs of all types of ships including upgradation of ships of oil exploration industry as well as periodical lay up repairs and life extension of ships of Navy, UTL, Coast Guard, Fisheries and Port Trust besides merchant ships of SCI & ONGC. The yard has, over the years, developed adequate capabilities to handle complex and sophisticated repair jobs. Recently Cochin Shipyard won a major repair orders from ONGC. The order for major repairs of three rigs viz Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Vijay, Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) Sagar Bhushan and Jack Up Rig (JUR) Sagar Kiran was secured by CSL against very stiff international competition.
Infrastructure
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg/220px-Kollam_Bypass%2C_Feb_2020.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg/220px-Lulumalltrivandrum.jpg)
Kerala has 331,904 kilometres (206,236 mi) of roads, which accounts for 5.6% of India's total.[5][52] This translates to about 9.94 kilometres (6.18 mi) of road per one thousand people, compared to an average of 4.87 kilometres (3.03 mi) in the country.[5][52] Roads in Kerala include:
- 1,812 kilometres (1,126 mi) of national highway, 1.6% of the nation's total,
- 4,342 kilometres (2,698 mi) of state highway, 2.5% of the nation's total,
- 27,470 kilometres (17,070 mi) of district roads, 4.7% of the nation's total,
- 33,201 kilometres (20,630 mi) of urban (municipal) roads, 6.3% of the nation's total, and
- 158,775 kilometres (98,658 mi) of rural roads, 3.8% of the nation's total.[53]
Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through the
The Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board is a government owned financial institution in the state to mobilize funds for infrastructure development from outside the state revenue, aiming at overall infrastructure development of the state.[56][57]
Energy
Renewable energy sources constitute the bulk of electricity generated in Kerala. KSEB Ltd has 31 hydro-electric projects, 11 solar projects, 2 diesel power plants & 7 wind farms. Power generation is also undertaken by Captive Mode Projects, Independent Power Mode Projects & Co-generation mode projects other than KSEBL.[58]
Oil refining and petrochemicals
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SBM01.jpg/220px-SBM01.jpg)
The
Kochi Refinery is engaged in Refining and marketing of petroleum products. Beginning with a capacity of 50,000 barrels per day, today the Refinery has a refining capacity of 310,000 bbl/d. The Company entered the petrochemical sector with benzene and toluene in 1989. The oil and gas industry is a critical sector that plays a vital role in the global economy. Kochi, located in the southern state of Kerala in India, is home to several institutions that offer courses in oil and gas-related subjects.
Solar Power
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2022) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg/220px-Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg)
.
- India's largest floating solar power plant is set up on the Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala. It is a 500 kWp (kilowatt peak) solar plant. It belongs to the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). It floats on 1.25 acres of water at the Banasura Sagar reservoir.
- India's first solar ferry used for public transport, "Aditya", operates in Kerala.
- The Cochin International Airport, the first airport in the world that runs entirely on solar power, is in Kerala.
- The Kochi Metro is planning 78 solar-electric ferry boats for the city, which will be the largest integrated water transport system in the world.
Finance
As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3,341 local bank branches: each branch served 10,000 people, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.[60] On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have at least one banking facility in every village.[61] Around 8% of the total number of employees in the organized sector of the state are employed in the financial and insurance industries as of March 2020.[5]
Traditional Industries
Traditional industries manufacturing items;
Agriculture and livestock
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/220px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg)
Agricultural sector contributes only 7% to the GSDP of Kerala.
Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Kerala based on 2011 prices[70]
Segment | National Share % |
---|---|
Palmyra | 100.0 |
Nutmeg | 99.8 |
Clove | 95.6 |
Rubber | 84.1 |
Cardamom | 70.2 |
Pepper | 64.8 |
Tapioca | 48.3 |
Coconut | 35.8 |
Tamarind | 27.4 |
Jackfruit | 18.8 |
Arecanut | 16.9 |
Cocoa | 15.5 |
Pineapple | 12.7 |
Condiments and spices | 9.7 |
Marine fish | 8.3 |
Fuel wood | 5.3 |
Banana | 5.2 |
Coffee | 5.2 |
Meat | 5.1 |
The most essential or the staple crop is the rice or paddy. About 600 varieties of rice are grown in the sprawling paddy fields of Kerala. In fact the Kuttanad region of the district of Kerala is known as the 'rice bowl of the state' and enjoys a significant status in the production of rice. Next to rice is Tapioca and is cultivated mainly in the drier regions. Tapioca is a major food of the Keralites. Besides production of the main crop, Kerala is also a major producer of spices that form the cash crops of the state. The important spices are cardamom, cinnamon, clove, turmeric, nutmeg and vanilla. Other cash crops that constitute the agricultural sector include tea, coffee cashew, pulses, areca nut, ginger and coconut. In fact coconut provides the principal source of income in Kerala- from coir industry to coconut shell artifacts. Cashew is also an essential cash crop. Kottayam district has extensive areas producing and processing rubber. Apart from rubber, other plantation crop likes plantains or bananas are also grown in plenty. In 1960–61, Kerala contributed to nearly 70% of the country's coconut production. In 2011–12, it was at 42%. It dropped further by 2.3% points the next year. According to the State Planning Board (2011) data, the state is producing only about 12% of its total requirement for rice. In 1960-61 Kerala produced more than 10 lakh tons of rice. By 2012-13 rice production was down to 5.08 lakh tons. By 2012–13, in just a single year, area under rice cultivation had declined by 5.2%, and the production itself dropped by 10.2%.
Fisheries
With 590 kilometres (370 miles) of coastal belt,[71] 400,000 hectares of inland water resources[72] and approximately 220,000 active fishermen,[73] Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.[74] According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.[75] This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, around 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala.[76] During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank develops along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water, peaking the output of the fishing industry. This phenomenon is locally called chakara.[77][78] The waters provide a large variety of fish: pelagic species; 59%, demersal species; 23%, crustaceans, molluscs and others for 18%.[76] Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of a 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590-kilometre (370-mile) coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.
Background radiation levels
Minerals including
Alcohol
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Alcoholic_beverages_consumed_in_kerala_2010.png/220px-Alcoholic_beverages_consumed_in_kerala_2010.png)
The government enforces state monopoly over liquor sale in the state, after the state banned foreign liquor shops, through the government owned
The government applies the highest state tax on liquor (around 247%). Rum and brandy are the preferred drinks in Kerala in a country where whisky outsells every other liquor. Taxes on alcohol was a major source of revenue for the state government, but of late, it has been showing a declining trend. Only 4.2% of revenues for its annual budget come from liquor sales. Revenues from alcohol to the state's exchequer have registered a 100% rise over the past four years.[81]
Liquor sales stood at 201 lakh cases worth Rs. 11,577 crore during 2015–16, down from 220 lakh cases worth Rs. 10,013 crore during the previous year. Gross sales during the first three months of 2016 were around Rs. 4,000 crore.[82]
Numbers from the Kerala State Beverages Corporation analyzed by the Alcohol and Drug Information Center (AIDIC), show that alcohol consumption dropped by 20.27 per cent since April 2014, this in a market that registered an annual growth of 12 per cent to 67 per cent for the last 30 years.[83] In 2018–19, the turnover from the sale of liquor in Kerala stood at over Rs 14,500 crore and the revenue earned by way of tax was in excess of Rs 12,400 crore.[84]
Another source of income for the Kerala Government is lotteries. In 2020-21, the revenue from lottery sales was Rs.4911.52 crores, resulting in a profit of Rs 472.70 crores.
Foreign remittances
1.6 million Keralites work overseas out of a population of 32 million.
Of the $71 billion in remittances sent to India in 2012, Kerala still received the highest among the states: $11.3 billion, which is nearly 20%.[88] The foreign remittances in 2014 were estimated to be ₹711 billion (US$8.5 billion), which dropped to ₹633 billion (US$7.6 billion) in 2016. The annual remittance received by the state in 2017 was estimated as ₹900 billion (US$11 billion), which constituted 35% of the state's total income in the year.[89] In 2018, there were 2.1 million emigrants from the state who made a remittance of ₹851 billion (US$10 billion). There was a decline of about 3 lakh emigrants from the state during 2013–18. However, the overall remittances showed an increase compared to those of the previous years.[90]
There is also another interesting observation made by Kerala Migration Survey in its previous studies, which is, there is a steady rise in migration of highly qualified women professionals from Kerala from the 1990s to 2004. These women migrants were more educated and skilled and are earning more compared to unskilled migrants.[91] There was a diversification of source and destinations among female migrants their migration isn't entirely Middle East oriented and they are predominantly hailing from Central Kerala compared to male migrants who are overwhelmingly from Malabar region and migrate to GCC. There is also more permanent nature of employment for female migrants compared to male migrants. This diversification provided a cushioning from both increasing naturalisation of West Asian countries and tightened immigration laws of Western countries in the 2010s this helped to sustain remittance inflow. The women migrants are mainly trained in Nursing.
According to a study commissioned by the Kerala State Planning Board, the state should look for other reliable sources instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.[92]
Other
Kerala is the single largest originator of education loans for the country as a whole. Total disbursal of education loans amount to Rs. 60 billion.[93]
Aluva is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. There are more than 247 industries viz. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical and petrochemical products, pesticides, rare-earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.
Publicly-listed companies from Kerala
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/220px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg)
.
The following companies headquartered in or primarily operating from Kerala are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange:
- Muthoot Capital Services Limited
- Geojit Financial Services
- V-Guard Industries Ltd
- Federal Bank
- Dhanlaxmi Bank
- South Indian Bank
- Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited
- Manappuram Finance Limited
- Muthoot Finance
- Harrisons Malayalam
- Accel Transmatic Limited
- GTN Textiles Limited
- Kitex Garments
- Nitta Gelatin India Ltd
- Eastern Treads Limited
- Rubfila International LTD
- Kerala Ayurveda Ltd
- Vertex Securities Ltd
- Sree Sakthi Paper Mills
- AVT Natural Products
- Victory Paper and Boards (India) Limited
- Cochin Shipyard Limited
- Aster DM Healthcare Limited
- Wonderla Holidays Ltd (See Wonderla)
- Catholic Syrian bank
- TCM Ltd (Formerly Travancore Chemical & Manufacturing Company Ltd)
The structure of unemployment and job seekers in the southwestern state of Kerala varies significantly from the rest of India. K. P. Kannan, a development economist in Kerala, calls it as Educated Unemployment, in which a person can't find desired job according to his educational qualification.[94] Other varying factor of Kerala with respect to rest of India is the higher number of female job seekers with respect to its male counterpart. More than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala are women, with most of them are well-educated.[95] It is also seen that the unemployment rate among the women job seekers is much higher than that among the male job seekers.[96] Around 25% of the Postgraduates are unemployed while nearly 17% of each of those who have attained either a technical degree or vocational training are unemployed.[96] The labour force utilized for the primary and secondary sectors of the state are mainly the Migrant labourers in Kerala, who come from other states of India, for higher wages.[94][97][98][99] A portion of the male workforce of the state have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs, known as Kerala Gulf diaspora. However the female work force doesn't do so resulting in higher unemployment rate among the women, who are more than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala.[94][96]
See also
- Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board
- Kerala Startup Mission
- Kerala Model
- Public sector undertakings in Kerala
- Unemployment in Kerala
- Migrant labourers in Kerala
- Kerala Gulf diaspora
- Emerging Kerala
- Demographics of Kerala
Notes
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- ^ a b c d "Kerala Budget Analysis 2022-23". PRS Legislative Research. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Multidimensional Poverty Index, India". The Hindu. 26 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Unemployment Rate in India". Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. p. 1. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Economic Review 2020 - Volume I (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board. 2021.
- ^ . 2 November 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131102151358/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Singh.Kerala.World%20Development.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
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- ^ Deparle, Jason (7 September 2007). "Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
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- ^ "Kottayam Only District With Zero Poverty: NITI Aayog's Poverty Index Report". news.abplive.com. 27 November 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
In the overall index, Kerala recorded the least 0.71% of poverty followed by Goa (3.76%), Sikkim (3.82%) and Tamil Nadu (4.89%).
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- ^ a b Chandran 2018, p. 343.
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- ISBN 978-81-8069-294-9.
- ISBN 978-8171415533.
- ^ D Suresh Kumar (13 October 2008). "Kerala tops primary education index". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
- ISBN 978-8171885947. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
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- ^ "Kerala becomes 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education". International Business Times. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
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References
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Further reading
- Economic Review 2016 - Volume I. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board. 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
- Economic Review 2020 by State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
External links
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