Elaeocarpus dentatus
Elaeocarpus dentatus | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Oxalidales |
Family: | Elaeocarpaceae |
Genus: | Elaeocarpus |
Species: | E. dentatus
|
Binomial name | |
Elaeocarpus dentatus | |
Varieties[2] | |
| |
Natural range of Hīnau | |
Synonyms[3] | |
|
Elaeocarpus dentatus, commonly known as hinau (
A member of the family
It was officially first recorded for science by botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander on 5 November 1769.[7]
Description
E. dentatus is a tree which reaches a height of around 18 m (59 ft.) and has a trunk of around 1 m (3.2 ft.) in diameter with greyish bark which roughens with age.
It flowers from October to February with flowers very similar to the
It fruits from December through to when it ripens in May.
It is very similar to
-
Hinau flowers
-
Hinau foliage
-
Hinau drupes (fruit)
-
Juvenile foliage
Taxonomy
Elaeocarpus dentatus was first described by the German botanists
Varieties
The New Zealand botanist Thomas Cheeseman described a variety of E. dentatus in an article in the 1907 issue of the Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. Naming it Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus, he described how, though E. dentatus is variable, he had "never seen specimens with leaves so broad and ovate."[24] This variety is recognised by the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network,[25] New Zealand flora,[26] as well as in Harry Allan's 1961 The flora of New Zealand.[27] As such, they describe two varieties: E. dentatus var. dentatus, the nominate variety, as well as E. dentatus var. obovatus, the variety with wider leaves.[28][12][29] It was not accepted, however, by Anthony Peter Druce in his unpublished 1993 Indigenous vascular plants of New Zealand.[28] It is listed as a synonym of Elaeocarpus dentatus by both The Plant List[30] and World Flora Online,[31] which superseded it.[32] The variety was mentioned in a Department of Conservation Conservation Status Report published in 2017, under the heading: "Data Deficient."[33]
E. dentatus var. obovatus has much wider leaves than the nominate variety, reaching 5–7 cm in length and 3–5 cm in width. The leaves have pits on their undersides and tiny teeth along their edges. Though the adult leaves are wide, they shrink down to thin petioles (leaf stems), and juvenile leaves are also much more narrow. E. d. var. obovatus produces white flowers on racemes, and later purple oval-shaped fruit, that are between 12 and 15 mm long.[25]
Phylogeny
A 2015 thesis established through
| |||||||
Etymology
The name of its genus, Elaeocarpus, comes from the Latin
Ecology
The fruit are eaten (off the ground) by
In
Distribution
E. dentatus is endemic to New Zealand and found in both the North and South Islands down to South Westland and Christchurch on the east and west.[12] It grows from sea level to 600 m (1970 ft.), essentially anywhere north of the latitude 43˚30'S.[8][11]
In Māori culture
Mythology
In
Food
The mealy substance which covers the kernel of the hinau's drupe (similar to that of an Olive) was used by Māori to make a kind of cake or bread or, alternatively, a kind of gruel.[43][44][45][46]
The ethnographer
William Colenso in 1880 described the process as being different depending on iwi: some iwi would steep the fruit in water, while others would pound and sift the fruit without a steeping stage.[48] Another 19th century ethnographer, Richard Taylor, described a similar process, though he recorded that the drupes were steeped in running water for a year to remove their "bitterness" and cooked wrapped inside a rangiora leaf. An alternative cooking method he described involved placing the "flour" in heated water at which point it was described as "rerepi."[46] Mākereti Papakura, another ethnographer from the time period also described the fruit being soaked, though she didn't record it being a year long process.[45]
Although some Europeans didn't particularly enjoy the cakes, Elsdon Best writing that: "I prefer my bread and beefsteak,"[44] Mākereti Papakura claimed that Māori considered it a great luxury[45] as demonstrated in their saying: "Kia whakaara koe i taku moe, ko te whatu turei a Rua" meaning "When you awaken me from my sleep let it be for the purpose of eating the whatu turei a Rua (Hīnau meal).[44]
Elaeocarpus dentatus's fruit are in fact a good thing to eat as they contain some fatty acids which may be protective against Cardiovascular disease.[49]
Dye and other uses
The bark produces a brown dye which, when dipped in a ferrugineous swamp (one containing Iron), turns it into a bright and durable black colour.[50]
Young seedlings were tied with a knot and left to grow into the shape of a walking stick. They were then cut and used as such.[51] The bark was used to make bags which served various purposes, such as for the preparation of Raupō pollen bread.[52]
Cultivation
E. dentatus prefers a rich, moist soil in partial shade.[10] To grow, press the seed well in and cover with 5mm of soil. It takes around 6 months to germinate and fresh fruit can be used.[53][12]
Notes
- ^ The other being Dicera serrata (Wineberry), which is now called Aristotelia serrata.[19]
- ^ He originally spelt it with just one i.[23]
Citations
- ^ "Elaeocarpus dentatus". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "NZOR Name Details - Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Vahl".
- ^ "Elaeocarpus dentatus var. Dentatus".
- ^ "Hīnau, Elaeocarpus - Faculty of Science - The University of Science". The University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ "Elaeocarpaceae 2 (Wineberry family) - Faculty of Science, University of Auckland". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ "Elaeocarpus dentatus Hinau". bushmansfriend.co.nz. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
- ^ "Loading... | Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa".
- ^ ISBN 0790005581.
- ^ Cockayne L, Turner EP (1928). The trees of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: W.A.G. Skinner. p. 150.
- ^ ISBN 1869620925.
- ^ ISBN 9780909010089.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Elaeocarpus dentatus var. dentatus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- OCLC 464589004.
- ^ "Elaeocarpus dentatus - The University of Auckland". www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Elaeocarpus dentatus". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ Williams CK (1982). "Nutritional Properties of Some Fruits Eatenby the Possum Trichosurusvulpecula in Anew Zealand Broadleaf – Podocarp Forest" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 5: 17.
- ^ Williams CK. "Nutritional Properties of Some Fruits Eatenby the Possum Trichosurusvulpecula in Anew Zealand Broadleaf – Podocarp Forest" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 5: 17 & 18 – via newzealandecology.org.
- ^ Forster 1776, pp. 79–80.
- ^ de Lange 2012.
- JSTOR 4108594.
- ^ Vahl & Forsskål 1790, p. 66.
- ^ Cunningham 1840, pp. 22–26.
- ^ a b Raoul 1846, p. 25.
- ^ Cheeseman 1907, p. 442.
- ^ a b c NZPCN, p. Obovatus
- ^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Allan, Harry Howard (1961). Flora of New Zealand. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnosphermae, Dicotyledones. Vol. 1. New Zealand: Government Printer. pp. 332–333.
- ^ a b de Lange 2007.
- ^ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Elaeocarpus dentatus". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ "Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus Cheeseman – The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ "Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus Cheeseman". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ "Home – The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Barkla JW, Courtney SP, Champion PD, Perrie LR, Beadel SM, Ford KA, Breitwieser I, Schönberger I, Hindmarsh-Walls R, Heenan PB, Ladley K (30 November 2020). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. p. 22.
- ^ Phoon 2015, p. 50.
- JSTOR 24052678.
- ^ a b Ron J. Moorhouse. "THE DIET OF THE NORTH ISLAND KAKA (NESTOR MERIDIONALIS SEPTENTRIONALIS) ON KAPITI ISLAND" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 21: 143–150.
- ^ PMID 29988419.
- ^ R.O. POWLESLAND. "THE FOODS, FORAGING BEHAVIOUR AND HABITAT USE OF NORTH ISLAND KOKAKO IN PUKETI STATE FOREST, NORTHLAND" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 10: 120–127.
- ^ Michael James Thorsen, Katharine J.M. Dickinson and Philip J. Seddon. "Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11: 302 – via Researchgate.
- ^ Moeed A, Meads MJ (January 1983). "Invertebrate fauna of four tree species in Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, as revealed by trunk traps" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology: 39–53.
- ^ "How Māui brought fire to the world / Māori Myths, Legends and Contemporary Stories / Te Reo Māori / Support materials / Home - Mātauranga Māori". eng.mataurangamaori.tki.org.nz. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Richard (1855). Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 30.
- ISBN 0790001047.
- ^ a b c d Best, Elsdon (1903). "Food products of Tuhoeland: being notes on the food-supplies of a non-agricultural tribe of the natives of New Zealand: together with some account of various customs, superstitions etc. pertaining to foods". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute: 55–56.
- ^ a b c Papakura, Maggie (1938). The Old-time Maori. London, UK: Gollancz. p. 211.
- ^ a b Taylor, Richard (1855). Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 393.
- ^ Elsdon, Best. "Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes On The Art Of War As Conducted By The Maori Of New Zealand: Part VIII". www.jps.auckland.ac.nz. p. 195. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
An umu (steam oven) was prepared, heated, and covered in, save a small hole at the top, through which the steam rose.
- ^ a b Colenso, William (1880). "On the vegetable food of the ancient New Zealanders before Cook's visit". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 13: 3–38.
- PMID 12628508.
- ^ Taylor, Richard (1855). Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 446.
- ^ Best, Elsdon. "Maori forest lore : being some account of native forest lore and woodcraft, as also of many myths, rites, customs, and superstitions connected with the flora and fauna of the Tuhoe or Ure-wera District - Part 1". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.
- ^ Taylor, Richard (1855). Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its inhabitants. USA: Wertheim and Macintosh. p. 391.
- ^ "Seed collection and propagation guide for native trees and shrubs". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
References
Websites
- de Lange, Peter (2012). "Aristotelia serrata". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- de Lange, Peter (2007). "Elaeocarpus dentatus var. dentatus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- "Elaeocarpus dentatus var. obovatus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
Journals
- Cunningham, Allan (1840). "Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand". Annals of Natural History. 4 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- Cheeseman, Thomas (1907). "Contributions to a fuller Knowledge of the Flora of New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 39 – via the Internet Archive.
Books
- Forster, Johann Reinhold; White, B.; Elmsly, P.; Cadell, T. (1776). Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis, : collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt, annis 1772-1775. Londini: Prostant apud B. White, T. Cadell, & P. Elmsly.
- Raoul, Etienne (1846). Choix de plantes de la Nouvelle-Zélande (in French). Fortin, Masson.
- Vahl, M.; Forsskål, Peter (1790). Symbolae botanicae, sive plantarum, tam earum, quas in itinere, imprimis orientali. Hauniae: imprensis auctoris, excudebant N. Möller et filius.
- Phoon, Sook-Ngoh (2015). Systematics and biogeography of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) (Thesis). James Cook University.