Ensifera
Ensifera | |
---|---|
A bush cricket or katydid | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Orthoptera |
Suborder: | Ensifera |
Superfamilies and families | |
See text |
Ensifera is a suborder of insects that includes the various types of crickets and their allies including: true crickets, camel crickets, bush crickets or katydids, grigs, weta and Cooloola monsters. This and the suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers and their allies) make up the order Orthoptera. Ensifera is believed to be a more ancient group than Caelifera, with its origins in the Carboniferous period,[2] the split having occurred at the end of the Permian period.[3] Unlike the Caelifera, the Ensifera contain numerous members that are partially carnivorous, feeding on other insects, as well as plants.
Ensifer is Latin for "sword bearer", and refers to the typically elongated and blade-like ovipositor of the females.[4]
Characteristics
Characteristics shared by the two orthopteran suborders, Caelifera and Ensifera, are the mouthparts adapted for biting and chewing, the modified prothorax, the hind legs modified for jumping, the wing shape and venation, and the sound-producing stridulatory organs.[2]
Ensiferans are distinguished from Caeliferans by their elongated, threadlike
Taxonomy
The Orthoptera Species File database lists the following superfamilies and families.[7]
- Infraorder †Elcanidea
- Superfamily †Elcanoidea
- Family †Elcanidae (Late Triassic - Paleocene)
- Family †Permelcanidae (Early Permian - Late Triassic)
- Superfamily †Permoraphidioidea
- Family †Permoraphidiidae (Permian)
- Family †Pseudelcanidae (Early Permian)
- Family †Thueringoedischiidae (Early Permian)
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Acridiites Heer, 1865
- Superfamily †Elcanoidea
- Infraorder Gryllidea
- Superfamily Grylloidea
- Family †Baissogryllidae
- Family Gryllidae - true crickets
- Family Mogoplistidae - scaly crickets
- Family Phalangopsidae Blanchard, 1845
- Family †Protogryllidae Zeuner, 1937
- Family Trigonidiidae Saussure, 1874
- Superfamily Gryllotalpoidea Leach, 1815[8]
- Family GryllotalpidaeLeach, 1815 – mole crickets
- Family MyrmecophilidaeSaussure, 1874 - ant crickets
- Family
- Superfamily Grylloidea
- Infraorder †Oedischiidea
- Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906
- Family †Anelcanidae Carpenter, 1986
- Family †Bintoniellidae Handlirsch, 1939
- Family †Mesoedischiidae Gorochov, 1987
- Family †Oedischiidae Handlirsch, 1906
- Family †Proparagryllacrididae Riek, 1956
- Family †Pruvostitidae Zalessky, 1929
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Crinoedischia Béthoux & Beckemeyer, 2007
- Genus †Loxoedischia Beckemeyer, 2011
- Superfamily †Triassomantoidea Tillyard, 1922
- Family †Adumbratomorphidae Gorochov, 1987
- Family †Triassomantidae Tillyard, 1922
- Superfamily †Xenopteroidea Riek, 1955
- Family †Xenopteridae Riek, 1955
- Superfamily incertae sedis
- family †Permotettigoniidae Nel & Garrouste, 2016
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Permophyllum Prokop, et al, 2015
- Superfamily †Oedischioidea Handlirsch, 1906
- Infraorder Tettigoniidea
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Family †Eospilopteronidae Cockerell, 1916
- Family †HaglidaeHandlirsch, 1906
- Family †Hagloedischiidae Gorochov, 1986
- Family †Prezottophlebiidae Martins-Neto, 2007
- Family Prophalangopsidae Kirby, 1906
- Family †Tuphellidae Gorochov, 1988
- Superfamily †Phasmomimoidea Sharov, 1968
- Family †Phasmomimidae Sharov, 1968
- Superfamily RhaphidophoroideaWalker, 1869
- Family Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869 - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave weta
- Superfamily SchizodactyloideaBlanchard, 1845
- Family Schizodactylidae Blanchard, 1845 - dune or splay-footed crickets
- Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea Burmeister, 1838
- Family Anostostomatidae Saussure, 1859 - weta (except cave weta), king crickets
- Family CooloolidaeRentz, 1980 - Cooloola monsters
- Family Gryllacrididae Blanchard, 1845 - leaf-rolling crickets
- Family Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838 - Jerusalem crickets
- Superfamily TettigonioideaKrauss, 1902
- Family †Haglotettigoniidae Gorochov, 1988
- Family Tettigoniidae - bush crickets, katydids, koringkrieks
- Superfamily Incertae sedis
- Family incertae sedis
- Genus †Tettoraptor Gorochov, 2012
- Family incertae sedis
- Superfamily Hagloidea - grigs
- Infraorder incertae sedis
- Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986
- Family †Gryllavidae Gorochov, 1986
- Superfamily †Gryllavoidea Gorochov, 1986
- Superfamily Incertae sedis
- Family †Palaeorehniidae (syn "Zeuneropterinae")[9]
- Family †Vitimiidae
Phylogeny
The
The oldest known fossil in the
Orthoptera |
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Notes
References
- PMID 27958352.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-08-092090-0.
- ^ Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. London: British Museum Natural History.
- ^ "Orthoptera". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2015-05-13.
- ^ a b c Gwynne, Darryl T.; DeSutter; Laure (1996). "Ensifera: Crickets, katydids and weta". TOLweb. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- S2CID 86644963. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2015-05-08.
- ^ "Suborder Ensifera". Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
- ^ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)
- .
- ^ JSTOR 3503478.
- .