Environmental globalization

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The official logo of the Mount Everest Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb. Initiatives like Earth Day promote international cooperation on pro-environmental initiatives, or in other words – promote environmental globalization.

Environmental globalization refers to the internationally coordinated practices and regulations (often in the form of

developing countries
which see pro-environmental initiatives as hindering their economic development.

Definitions and characteristics

conservation issues."[1] Alan Grainger in turn wrote that it can be understood as "an increasing spatial uniformity and contentedness in regular environmental management practices".[2] Steven Yearley has referred to this concept as "globalization of environmental concern".[3] Grainger also cited a study by Clark (2000), which he noted was an early treatment of the concept, and distinguished three aspects of environmental globalization: "global flows of energy, materials and organisms; formulation and global acceptance of ideas about global environment; and environmental governance" (a growing web of institutions concerned with global environment).[4]

Environmental globalization is related to economic globalization, as economic development on a global scale has environmental impacts on such scale, which is of concern to numerous organizations and individuals.[2][5] While economic globalization has environmental impacts, those impacts should not be confused with the concept of environmental globalization.[4] In some regards, environmental globalization is in direct opposition to economic globalization, particularly when the latter is described as encouraging trade, and the former, as promoting pro-environment initiatives that are an impediment to trade.[6] For that reason, an environmental activist might be opposed to economic globalization, but advocate environmental globalization.[7]

History

Grainger has discussed that environmental globalization in the context of international agreements on pro-environmental initiatives. According to him, precursors to modern environmental globalization can be found in the

2006).[9][11] Therefore, unlike other main forms of globalization economic, political and cultural which were already strong in the 19th century, environmental globalization is a more recent phenomena, one that begun in earnest only in the later half of the 20th century.[12] Similarly, Steven Yearley states that it was around that time that the environmental movement started to organize on the international scale focus on the global dimension of the issues (the first Earth Day was celebrated on 1970).[6]

Supporters and opponents

According to Grainger, environmental globalization (in the form of pro-environmental international initiatives) is usually supported by various

developing countries (Group of 77), which see pro-environmental initiatives as hindering their economic development.[10][14][15] Governmental resistance to environmental globalization takes form or policy ambiguity (exemplified by countries which sign international pro-environmental treaties and pass domestic pro-environmental laws, but then proceed to not enforce them[10][13]) and collective resistance in forums such as United Nations to projects that would introduce stronger regulations or new institutions policing environmental issues worldwide (such as opposition to the forest protection agreement during the Earth Summit in 1992, which was eventually downgraded from a binding to a non-binding set of Forest Principles).[14][15]

World Trade Organization has also been criticized as focused on economic globalization (liberalizing trade) over concerns of environmental protection, which are seen as impeding the trade.[11][14][16][17] Steven Yearley states that WTO should not be described as "anti-environmental", but its decisions have major impact on environment worldwide, and they are based primarily on economic concerns, with environmental concerns being given secondary weight.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-98344-8
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  2. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
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  3. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2
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  4. ^
    ISBN 9780470670590
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  5. ISBN 978-1-136-78240-4
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  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2
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  7. ISBN 978-1-317-34529-9
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
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  9. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
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  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
    .
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-135-25993-8
    .
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-96896-2
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2
    .
  18. ISBN 978-0-470-76642-2
    .


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