Eric Lock

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Eric Lock

Second World War
AwardsDistinguished Service Order
Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar

Eric Stanley Lock,

Second World War
.

Born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire in 1919, Lock had his first experience of flying as a teenager. In the late 1930s with war a possibility and the likely event of him being called to arms, Lock decided that he would prefer to fight as an airman. He joined the RAF in 1939. He completed his training in 1940 and was posted to No. 41 Squadron RAF in time for the Battle of Britain. Lock became the RAF's most successful Allied pilot during the battle, shooting down 21 German aircraft and sharing in the destruction of one.[1][2]

After the Battle of Britain, Lock served on the Channel Front, flying offensive sweeps over France. Lock went on to bring his overall total to 26 aerial victories, one shared destroyed and eight probable in 25 weeks of operational sorties over a one-year period, during which time he was hospitalised for six months.[3][4] Included in his victory total were 20 German fighter aircraft, 18 of them Messerschmitt Bf 109s. In mid-1941 Lock was promoted to the rank of flight lieutenant.

Lock earned the nickname "Sawn Off Lockie", because of his extremely short stature.[5] Within less than six months of becoming one of the most famous RAF pilots in the country, he disappeared after strafing German troops in his Supermarine Spitfire, presumably shot down by ground-fire. Lock was posted missing in action. He was never seen again.

Early life and career

Eric Stanley Lock was born in 1919 to a

quarrying family, whose home was in the rural Shropshire village of Bayston Hill. He was privately educated at Prestfelde School, Shrewsbury. On his 14th birthday his father treated him to a five-shilling, 15-minute flight with Sir Alan Cobham's Air Circus. Unlike most teenagers, Lock was unimpressed by flying and had soon lost interest. At 16 he left school and joined his father's business.[6]

In 1939, he made the decision that if there was going to be a war, he wanted to be a fighter pilot, and so immediately joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Within three months Lock had been called up and began flight training. On the outbreak of war in September 1939, as a trained pilot Lock joined the RAF as a sergeant pilot. After further training at No.6 Flying School RAF Little Rissington,[7] he was commissioned as a pilot officer (Service Number 81642)[8] and posted to No. 41 Squadron at RAF Catterick, North Yorkshire, flying Spitfires.[6]

Lock completed his training in late May 1940. Officially qualified as a fighter pilot, he was posted to No. 41 Squadron at RAF Catterick as acting pilot officer. Lock spent several weeks with his squadron before taking a two-week leave pass in July 1940 to marry his girlfriend Peggy Meyers, a former "Miss Shrewsbury". Lock returned to his unit and soon began combat patrols over the North of England, defending British airspace against Luftflotte 5 (Air Fleet 5) based in Norway. Lock was bored by the patrols as it involved chasing lone enemy raiders without success.[6]

Second World War

Battle of Britain

The

air superiority over southern England. The battles grew larger in scale, but 41 Squadron, based in the north, were well clear of the main combat zone and saw little action for the first four weeks of the German air offensive.[9]

Lock's frustration ended on 15 August 1940. On this date the Luftwaffe attempted to stretch Fighter Command by launching a wave of aircraft against targets in northern England where German intelligence believed there to be little opposition. It was in this battle Lock gained his first victory. Climbing at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) north of Catterick Lock spotted a massed formation of

Seaham Harbour and confirmed his victory. Lock soon attacked the Ju 88s, downing one of their number.[6]

In light of Fighter Command's need for units in the south of the country, No. 41 Squadron was redeployed to

miles from the first.[10] Lock circled above the He 111 and noticing a boat he alerted the boat to its presence by flying over it and led the vessel to the crash site. As he left the scene he saw the crew surrendering to the occupants of the boat. On the way home he saw his first victim in the river, with a dinghy nearby.[10] A further Bf 109 was claimed destroyed on that date.[12]

The following day, despite pain from his leg and against medical advice, Lock claimed his seventh victory, a Ju 88 off

gazetted on 1 October 1940 with a citation reading:[10][13]

Air Ministry, 1st October, 1940.

ROYAL AIR FORCE.

The KING
has been graciously pleased to approve the undermentioned appointment and awards in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:–

[...]

Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

[...]

Pilot Officer Eric Stanley LOCK .(81642), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.

This officer has destroyed nine enemy aircraft, eight of these within a period of one week. He has displayed great vigour and determination in pressing home his attacks.

Lock continued to shoot enemy aircraft down regularly. On 14 September he recorded two victories over Bf 109s and the following day shared in the destruction of a

Gravesend.[10]

On 20 September, he filed a curious report that saw him attack three "Heinkel He 113s", shooting down one and forcing the others to flee back to France.[14] During that sortie he sighted a Henschel Hs 126 which he pursued across the English Channel before finally downing it over the German gun batteries at Boulogne-sur-Mer.[14] Upon landing he was told by his commanding officer that he had been awarded a Medal bar to his DFC for 15 victories in 16 days.[14] Published on 22 October 1940, the citation read:[15]

Air Ministry, 22nd October, 1940.

ROYAL AIR FORCE.

The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the following appointment and awards in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:–

[...]

Awarded a Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Pilot Officer Eric Stanley LOCK, D.F.C. (81642), Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.

In September, 1940, whilst engaged on a patrol over the Dover area, Pilot Officer Lock engaged three Heinkel 113's one of which he shot down into the sea. Immediately afterwards he engaged a Henschel Hs 126 and destroyed it. He has displayed great courage in the face of heavy odds, and his skill and coolness in combat have enabled him to destroy fifteen enemy aircraft within a period of nineteen days.

No. 41 Squadron's pilots were placed on four weeks' rotation rest following the intense period of operational sorties, returning to RAF Hornchurch in early October 1940. Lock immediately commenced where he had left off. On 5 October he was credited with another Bf 109 with two probables over Kent; on 9 October another Bf 109 was claimed 10 miles from Dover and a probable followed seconds later. Off

RAF Biggin Hill. This victory brought his total to 20, making Lock a "Quadruple Ace". On 25 October Lock destroyed a Bf 109 to bring his tally to 21 aerial victories. The Battle of Britain ended on 31 October 1940 and Lock, with 21 enemy aircraft destroyed, was the most successful Allied ace of the campaign.[14]

Channel Front

On 8 November 1940, his Spitfire was badly damaged during a skirmish with several Bf 109s over Beachy Head in East Sussex. The Spitfire was so badly damaged that Lock crash-landed in a ploughed field, but was able to walk away. On 17 November 1940 No. 41 Squadron attacked a formation of 70 Bf 109s that were top cover for a bomber raid on London. After shooting down one Bf 109, and setting another on fire, Lock's Spitfire was hit by a volley of cannon shells, which severely injured Lock's right arm and both legs. The rounds also knocked the throttle permanently open by severing the control lever. The open throttle enabled the Spitfire to accelerate swiftly to 400 mph (640 km/h), leaving the Bf 109s in his wake, without Lock having to attempt to operate it with his injured right arm. At 20,000 feet (6,100 m) he began to descend and with little control and no means of slowing the fighter down, he could not execute a safe landing; being too badly injured to parachute to safety, Lock was in a perilous situation. After losing height to 2,000 feet (610 m), Lock switched the engine off and found a suitable crash site near RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk, into which he glided the stricken fighter for a "wheels down" landing.[16]

Lying in the aircraft for some two hours, he was found by two patrolling British Army soldiers and carried two miles (3 km) on an improvised stretcher made of their Enfield rifles and Army issue winter coats—made after instruction from Lock. By this point, Lock had lost so much blood that he was unconscious, and so unable to feel the additional pain of being dropped three times, once into a dyke of water.[16] After being transferred to the Princess Mary's Hospital at RAF Halton, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 17 December 1940. The citation read:[16][17]

Air Ministry, 17th December, 1940.

ROYAL AIR FORCE.

The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the following appointment and awards in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy:–

Appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.

Pilot Officer Eric Stanley Lock, D.F.C. (81642). Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, No. 41 Squadron.

This officer has shown exceptional keenness and courage in his attacks against the enemy. In November, 1940, whilst engaged with his squadron in attacking a superior number of enemy forces, he destroyed two Messerschmitt 109's, thus bringing his total to at least twenty-two. His magnificent fighting spirit and personal example have been in the highest traditions of the service.

Lock underwent fifteen separate operations over the following three months to remove

Mentioned in Despatches in March 1941.[19]

Last battles and death

Lock spent several months in hospital. He stayed at the Royal Masonic Hospital with Richard Hillary, another Battle of Britain ace. They were operated on by the pioneering plastic surgeon Archibald McIndoe. While there, Hillary wrote his memoirs The Last Enemy, before his death in a flying accident on 8 January 1943. He remembered Lock having Sulfapyridine treatment and being "vociferous".[20][21] The nurses wore anti-infection masks and gloves, and Eric, "with an amiable grin" would curse them for it "from dawn till dusk".[22]

In June 1941, he received notification that he had been promoted to

No. 611 Squadron in command of B Flight.[18] In July 1941 he gained three victories against Bf 109s flying offensive sweeps over France—on 6 July at 15:00, on 8 July at 06:30 and 11:00 on 14 July near Le Touquet.[24]

On 3 August 1941, Lock was returning from a fighter "Rhubarb" when he spotted a column of German troops and vehicles on a road near the Pas-de-Calais. Signalling the attack to his wingman, Lock was seen to peel off from the formation and prepare for the ground strafing attack—the last time he was seen. He is believed to have been shot down by ground-fire.[12] Neither his body nor his Spitfire Mk V, W3257, have ever been found, despite a thorough search of the area in the years following the war by both the RAF and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[25]

Lock was the first of three successful RAF aces who were shot down during this period:

flak near Boulogne-sur-Mer on 28 January 1942, and he was forced to crash land and taken prisoner.[26] In July 1942, Paddy Finucane was lost in similar circumstances to Lock.[27]

It has been suggested by writer Dilip Sakar that Lock was shot down by the German ace Oberleutnant Johann Schmid from Jagdgeschwader 26 near Calais since he was the only German pilot to make a claim.[28] However, Lock was posted missing on an early morning sortie.[29] The war diary for JG 26 shows that Schmid made his claim at 18:32 in the evening and that the location of his claim was not listed in Schmid's combat report.[30]

Memorials

The road sign for Eric Lock Road in Bayston Hill, Shropshire

There is a stained glass memorial to Lock in Bayston Hill Memorial Hall, Shropshire (near his family's former home), a brass memorial plaque in Condover Parish Church,[31] and another in Prestfelde School school chapel, donated by the Battle of Britain Historical Society.[32]

A new road was named after him in Bayston Hill. The members' bar at the Shropshire Aero Club, based at a former wartime airfield, RAF Sleap, is also named after him.[33][34][35]

His name is carved on Panel 29 of the

Runnymede Memorial
, along with the 20,400 other British and Commonwealth airmen who were posted missing in action during the war.

Lock is named as a member of the Guinea Pig Club (made up of patients of Archibald McIndoe) on a Roll of Honour at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, Sussex.[36][37]

List of victories

Lock was credited with 26 air victories and eight probable victories. The total included 17 Bf 109s, one "Heinkel He 113" (probably a Bf 109), one Henschel Hs 126, two Bf 110s, two He 111s, two Ju 88s and a Do 17 destroyed.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ Shores 1983, p. 65.
  2. ^ a b Shores & Williams 1994, p. 402.
  3. ^ Shores 1983, p. 129.
  4. ^ Price 1996, p. 63.
  5. ^ Baker 1962, pp. 9, 128.
  6. ^ a b c d Baker 1962, p. 128.
  7. ^ Bishop 2004, p. 20.
  8. ^ "No. 34910". The London Gazette. 30 July 1940. p. 4679.
  9. ^ Baker 1962, p. 129.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Baker 1962, p. 130.
  11. ^ Robinson 1987, p. 80.
  12. ^ a b Shores and Williams 1966, p. 212.
  13. ^ "No. 34958". The London Gazette. 1 October 1940. pp. 5789–5790.
  14. ^ a b c d Baker 1962, p. 131.
  15. ^ "No. 34976". The London Gazette. 22 October 1940. p. 6134.
  16. ^ a b c d Baker 1962, pp. 131–132.
  17. ^ "No. 35015". The London Gazette. 17 December 1940. p. 7057.
  18. ^ a b Baker 1962, p. 132.
  19. ^ "No. 35107". The London Gazette. 14 March 1941. pp. 1573–1575.
  20. ^ Hillary 2010, p. 154.
  21. ^ Franks 1980, pp. 119–120.
  22. ^ Hillary 2010, p. 155.
  23. ^ "No. 35222". The London Gazette. 18 July 1941. p. 4129.
  24. ^ Foreman 2005, pp. 72, 75, 80.
  25. ^ Franks 1997, p. 132.
  26. ^ Price 1997, p. 24.
  27. ^ Bryne 2006, pp. 28–35.
  28. ^ Sarkar 2010, p. 36.
  29. ^ Franks 1998, p. .
  30. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 161.
  31. ^ Shropshire War Memorials, Sites of Remembrance, p. 117.
  32. ^ Shropshire War Memorials, Sites of Remembrance, p. 38.
  33. ^ Eric Stanley "Sawn-off" Lock Retrieved 02-12-2012.
  34. ^ Air Crew Remembrance Society: Eric Lock Retrieved 02-12-2012.
  35. ISBN 978-1-909644-11-3
    .
  36. ^ "Guinea Pig Club ROH". War Memorials Register. Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  37. ^ Castle, James (5 June 2016). "List of Guinea Pig Club Members". Royal Air Force Commands. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  38. ^ Mason 1969, p. 263.
  39. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 201.
  40. ^ Mason 1969, p. 354.
  41. ^ Mason 1969, p. 357.
  42. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 214.
  43. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 375–376.
  44. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 217.
  45. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 381–382.
  46. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 223.
  47. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 226.
  48. ^ Price 1990, p. 158.
  49. ^ Foreman 2003, pp. 240–241.
  50. ^ Mason 1969, p. 401.
  51. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 243.
  52. ^ Mason 1969, p. 404.
  53. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 269.
  54. ^ Mason 1969, p. 434.
  55. ^ Foreman 2003, p. 274.
  56. ^ Mason 1969, p. 440.
  57. ^ Weal 1992, p. 44.
  58. ^ Mason 1969, p. 443.
  59. ^ Mason 1969, p. 454.
  60. ^ Foreman 1988, p. 57
  61. ^ Foreman 1988, p. 103.

References

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