Genetically modified food in North America
Genetic engineering in North America is any genetic engineering activities in North America
As of 2002[update] the United States, Canada, and Mexico do not require labeling of genetically modified foods.[1]
Canada
Mainland Canada is one of the world's largest producers of GM
Mexico
In February 2005, after consulting the
United States
Federal regulation
The USA is the largest commercial grower of
United States regulatory policy is governed by the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology[17] This regulatory policy framework that was developed under the Presidency of Ronald Reagan to ensure safety of the public and to ensure the continuing development of the fledgling biotechnology industry without overly burdensome regulation.[18] The policy as it developed had three tenets: "(1) U.S. policy would focus on the product of genetic modification (GM) techniques, not the process itself, (2) only regulation grounded in verifiable scientific risks would be tolerated, and (3) GM products are on a continuum with existing products and, therefore, existing statutes are sufficient to review the products."[18] In 2015 the Obama administration announced that it would update the way the government regulated genetically modified crops.[19]
For a genetically modified organism to be approved for release, it must be assessed under the
Several laws govern the US regulatory agencies. These laws are statutes the agencies review when determining the safety of a particular GM food. These laws include:[22]
- The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (EPA);
- The Toxic Substances Control Act(TSCA) (EPA);
- The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) (FDA and EPA);
- The Plant Protection Act (PPA) (USDA);
- The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act (VSTA) (USDA);
- The Public Health Service Act (PHSA)(FDA);
- The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act(DSHEA) (FDA)
- The Meat Inspection Act(MIA)(USDA);
- The Poultry Products Inspection Act(PPIA) (USDA);
- The Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA) (USDA); and
- The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
State regulation
Several states have passed regulations concerning labelling of GM food; Connecticut passed a GMO labeling bill in May 2013, but the bill will only be triggered after four other states enact similar legislation.[28] On January 9, 2014, Maine’s governor signed a bill requiring labeling for foods made with GMO's, with a similar triggering mechanism as Connecticut's bill.[29] In May 2014 Vermont passed a law requiring labeling of food containing ingredients derived from genetically modified organisms.[30][31] A federal judge ruled Maui's GMO ban invalid.[32]
References
- ^ Trade barriers seen in EU label for bio-engineered ingredients. (Regulatory and Policy Trends). Business and the Environment 13.11 (Nov 2002): p14(1).
- ^ GMO Compass Rapeseed Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine July 27, 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "Slides & Tables : Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2010 - ISAAA Brief 42-2010 - ISAAA.org".
- ^ "Information for the general public". 2015-03-20.
- ^ "Genetically Modified Foods". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ Evans, Brent and Lupescu, Mihai (15 July 2012) Canada - Agricultural Biotechnology Annual – 2012 Archived 2013-12-15 at the Wayback Machine GAIN (Global Agricultural Information Network) report CA12029, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreifn Agricultural Service, Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-0198506744.
- ^ a b Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee (CBAC), Consultation Document 2001: Regulation of Genetically Modified Food, page 2, Definition of "Genetically Modified": "The term “genetically modified foods” (GM foods) refers to foods that have been produced using recent advances in gene technology, such as gene cloning, genesplicing and plant transformation." Retrieved August 27, 2019. Cf. also version 2013. Cf. Health Canada, definition
- ^ Staff (20 July 2012) Voluntary Labelling and Advertising of Foods that are and are not Products of Genetic Engineering Public Works and Government Services Canada, National Standard of Canada, Retrieved 1 November 2012. Reaffirmed 2016
- ^ Prudham, Scott; Morris, Angela (1 January 2006). "Making the Market "Safe" for GM Foods: The Case of the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee". 78 – via spe.library.utoronto.ca.
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(help) - ^ SciDev.Net. "Mexico approves planting and sale of GM crops".
- ^ "Mexico: controlled cultivation of genetically modified maize". Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2017-08-15.
- ^ Mike Shanahan Warning issued on GM maize imported to Mexico - SciDev.Net 10 November 2004
- ^ Katie Mandell GM maize found ‘contaminating’ wild strains - SciDev.Net 30 November 2001
- ^ David Alire Garcia (12 November 2013). "Past and future collide as Mexico fights over GMO corn". Reuters. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
- ^ Clive James (2009). "ISAAA Brief 41-2009: Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops The first fourteen years, 1996 to 2009".
- ^ "United States Regulatory Agencies Unified Biotechnology Website". Archived from the original on 2012-11-17.
- ^ a b Emily Marden, Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture 44 B.C.L. Rev. 733 (2003)
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ "FDA page for Q & A on GM Food". fda.gov. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ^ "FDA page on Regulation of GM Plants in Animal Feed". fda.gov. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
- ^ a b c "Guide to U.S. Regulation of Genetically Modified Food and Agricultural Biotechnology Products" (PDF). The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts. 2001. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- PMID 17956539.
- ^ "Consultation Procedures under FDA's 1992 Statement of Policy - Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties". FDA. October 1997 [June 1996].
- ^ Peggy G. Lemaux Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I) Annual Review of Plant Biology 59: 771-812 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840. Quote: "Although GE foods can be marketed without certain regulatory approvals, to date all products in the marketplace have undergone full review by regulatory agencies regarding safety and content relative to unmodified forms (searchable data on specific events available at 84). Submitting the safety data is in the developer's best interests, however, given the legal liabilities incurred should a problem with the food arise following market introduction"
- ^ Marygold Walsh-Dilley (2009) "Localizing control: Mendocino County and the ban on GMOs" Agriculture and Human Values 26(1-2):95-105 [1]
- ^ http://www.co.jackson.or.us/page.asp?navid=3967, http://www.co.josephine.or.us/files/17-58ballottitlewebsite.pdf, http://www.kgw.com/news/politics/genetically-modified-foods-260011131.html. Archived May 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Reilly, Genevieve (11 December 2013). "Malloy signs state GMO labeling law in Fairfield". ctpost.com. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ^ Herling DJ, Mintz L, Cohn FG, Popeo PC (12 January 2014). "As Maine Goes, So Goes The Nation? Labeling for Foods Made with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)". The National Law Review. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ^ Terri Hallenbeck, for the Burlington Free Press. April 27, 2014 How GMO labeling came to pass in Vermont
- ^ Terri Hallenbeck for The Burlington Free Press. May 8, 2014 Vermont gov signs law to require labels on GMO foods
- ^ staff (June 30, 2015). "Federal judge rules Maui GMO ban invalid".