Hawazin

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Hawazin
(
Arabic: هوازن)
Qaysi
Banner of the Hawazin at the Battle of Siffin
Descended fromHawazin ibn Mansur ibn Ikrima ibn Khasafa ibn Qays ʿAylān ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn Adnan.
Parent tribeQays
Branches
ReligionPolytheism (Pre-Islam)
Islam (Post Islam)

The Hawazin (

Ta'if in the Hejaz. They formed part of the larger Qays tribal group. The Hawazin consisted of the subtribes of Banu Sa'd, and Banu Jusham, as well as the powerful Banu Thaqif and Banu Amir
, which were both often counted separately from the Hawazin.

The tribe often clashed with their one-time patrons, the

Ridda wars
, which followed Muhammad's death in 632.

According to oral tradition and genealogy studies, the modern-day tribe of Otaibah based in Saudi Arabia are descendants of the Hawazin.[1][2][3]

Ancestry of the Hawazin Tribe

Origins and branches

The tribe formed part of the larger

Banu Sa'd, and Banu Jusham. The founders of these subtribes were either the sons of Bakr ibn Hawazin or the sons of Mu'awiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. Two other major branches of the Hawazin, the Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'a and the Banu Thaqif, were often grouped separately from the other Hawazin sub-tribes.[4]

History

Pre-Islamic era

The Hawazin were pastoral nomads that inhabited the steppes between Mecca and Medina.[5] Beginning around 550 CE, the Hawazin became a vassal tribe of the Banu 'Abs of Ghatafan under the 'Absi chieftain Zuhayr ibn Jadhima.[6] [7] When the latter was killed by the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa' some years later, the Hawazin discontinued their tribute to Ghatafan.[6][7] Sporadic battles and wars occurred in the following years, often between the bulk of the Hawazin, in alliance with the Banu Sulaym, on one side, and the bulk of the Ghatafan on the other.[6] Less often, there were armed feuds among certain Hawazin subtribes, particularly between the Banu Jusham and Banu Fazara.[6]

During the

Ta'if; the latter were both kinsmen and allies of the Hawazin.[6] The war consisted of eight battle days occurring over the span of four years.[8]

After hearing news of 'Urwa's death, the Hawazin pursued al-Barrad's Qurayshi patron

al-Harrah volcanic fields north of Mecca in the fifth and final significant engagement of the war.[8] Afterward, minor clashes occurred before peace was established.[8]

Islamic era

There was scant contact between the Hawazin and the

Halima bint Abu Dhu'ayb, came from the Hawazin subtribe of Banu Sa'd.[4] It was not until Muhammad's victorious entry into Mecca, that the first major encounter between the main body of Hawazin and the Muslims under Muhammad occurred.[4] Muhammad heard that Malik ibn 'Awf of the Banu Nasr bin Saad[9][10] was mobilizing a large force of Hawazin and Thaqif tribesmen near Mecca, thus threatening the city and the Muslims, and prompting Muhammad's forces, including a 2,000 Qurayshi tribesmen, to confront Malik's forces at the Battle of Hunayn in 630.[4] During this engagement, the Thaqif managed to escape to Ta'if, but the Hawazin were routed and lost much of their property.[4] However, Muhammad immediately reconciled with the Hawazin by returning Malik's wife and children to him, giving him a gift of camels and recognizing his chieftainship of the Hawazin.[4] The Hawazin had to pay a sum to retrieve their captive women and children.[4]

The Hawazin discontinued the sadaqa (voluntary donation) given to Muslim authorities in Medina following Muhammad's death in 632, and like many other Arab tribes, Hawazin did take part in combat against the successor of Muhammed, Abu Bakr during the Ridda Wars. Hawazin ultimately returned to the Islamic fold by the end of the war.[11][12]

References

  1. ^ Al-Qthami, Hmood Dawi (1985). North of Hejaz. Jeddah: Dar Al Bayan.
  2. ^ Al Rougi, Hindees. "The Tribe of Otaibah". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  3. ^ H. Kindermann-[C.E. Bosworth]. "'Utayba." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Watt 1971, p. 286.
  5. ^ Donner 2010, p. 95.
  6. ^ a b c d e Watt 1971, p. 286.
  7. ^ a b Fück 1965, p. 1023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Fück 1965, p. 883.
  9. ^ Ibn al-Atheer Abu Hassan. asid alghabat t aleilmia (in Arabic).
  10. ^ almaseudiu. altanbih walashraf (in Arabic).
  11. ^ Donner 2010, p. 101.
  12. ISBN 978-1-900724-47-0
    .

Bibliography

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